American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

Advanced
May  2011, 10(3): 983-994. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2011.10.983

A note on almost periodic variational equations

Peter Giesl 1, and  Martin Rasmussen 2,

1. 

Department of Mathematics, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RF
2. 

Martin Rasmussen, Department of Mathematics, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom

Received  April 2009 Revised  August 2009 Published  December 2010

The variational equation of a nonautonomous differential equation $\dot x= F(t,x)$ along a solution $\mu$ is given by $\dot x=D_x F(t,\mu(t))x$. We consider the question whether the variational equation is almost periodic provided that the original equation is almost periodic by a discussion of the following problem: Is the derivative $D_xF$ almost periodic whenever $F$ is almost periodic? We give a negative answer in this paper, and the counterexample relies on an explicit construction of a scalar almost periodic function whose derivative is not almost periodic. Moreover, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for the derivative $D_xF$ to be almost periodic.
In addition, we also discuss this problem in the discrete case by considering the variational equation $x_{n+1}=D_xF(n,\mu_n)x_n$ of the almost periodic difference equation $x_{n+1}=F(n,x_n)$ along an almost periodic solution $\mu_n$. In particular, we provide an example of a function $F$ which is discrete almost periodic uniformly in $x$ and whose derivative $D_xF$ is not discrete almost periodic.
Keywords: almost periodic difference equation, variational equation, almost periodic function, Almost periodic differential equation.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 34C27; Secondary: 26A24, 42A75, 26B0.
Citation: Peter Giesl, Martin Rasmussen. A note on almost periodic variational equations. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2011, 10 (3) : 983-994. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2011.10.983
References:
[1]

C. Corduneanu, "Almost Periodic Functions,", Interscience Tracts in Pure and Applied Mathematics, ().   Google Scholar

[2]

A. M. Fink, "Almost Periodic Differential Equations,", Springer Lecture Notes in Mathematics, ().   Google Scholar

[3]

P. Giesl and M. Rasmussen, Borg's criterion for almost periodic differential equations, Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications, 69 (2008), 3722-3733.  Google Scholar

[4]

G. R. Sell, Nonautonomous differential equations and dynamical systems - I. The basic theory, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 127 (1967), 241-262.  Google Scholar

show all references

References:
[1]

C. Corduneanu, "Almost Periodic Functions,", Interscience Tracts in Pure and Applied Mathematics, ().   Google Scholar

[2]

A. M. Fink, "Almost Periodic Differential Equations,", Springer Lecture Notes in Mathematics, ().   Google Scholar

[3]

P. Giesl and M. Rasmussen, Borg's criterion for almost periodic differential equations, Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications, 69 (2008), 3722-3733.  Google Scholar

[4]

G. R. Sell, Nonautonomous differential equations and dynamical systems - I. The basic theory, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 127 (1967), 241-262.  Google Scholar

[1]

Xiao Wang, Zhaohui Yang, Xiongwei Liu. Periodic and almost periodic oscillations in a delay differential equation system with time-varying coefficients. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2017, 37 (12) : 6123-6138. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2017263
[2]

Yan Zhang. Asymptotic behavior of a nonlocal KPP equation with an almost periodic nonlinearity. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2016, 36 (9) : 5183-5199. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2016025
[3]

Wacław Marzantowicz, Justyna Signerska. Firing map of an almost periodic input function. Conference Publications, 2011, 2011 (Special) : 1032-1041. doi: 10.3934/proc.2011.2011.1032
[4]

Tomás Caraballo, David Cheban. Almost periodic and almost automorphic solutions of linear differential equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2013, 33 (5) : 1857-1882. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2013.33.1857
[5]

Xianhua Huang. Almost periodic and periodic solutions of certain dissipative delay differential equations. Conference Publications, 1998, 1998 (Special) : 301-313. doi: 10.3934/proc.1998.1998.301
[6]

Nguyen Minh Man, Nguyen Van Minh. On the existence of quasi periodic and almost periodic solutions of neutral functional differential equations. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2004, 3 (2) : 291-300. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2004.3.291
[7]

Yoshihiro Hamaya. Stability properties and existence of almost periodic solutions of volterra difference equations. Conference Publications, 2009, 2009 (Special) : 315-321. doi: 10.3934/proc.2009.2009.315
[8]

Tomás Caraballo, David Cheban. Almost periodic and asymptotically almost periodic solutions of Liénard equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2011, 16 (3) : 703-717. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2011.16.703
[9]

Mengyu Cheng, Zhenxin Liu. Periodic, almost periodic and almost automorphic solutions for SPDEs with monotone coefficients. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2021  doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2021026
[10]

Marko Kostić. Almost periodic type functions and densities. Evolution Equations & Control Theory, 2021  doi: 10.3934/eect.2021008
[11]

Anatoli F. Ivanov, Sergei Trofimchuk. Periodic solutions and their stability of a differential-difference equation. Conference Publications, 2009, 2009 (Special) : 385-393. doi: 10.3934/proc.2009.2009.385
[12]

Weigu Li, Jaume Llibre, Hao Wu. Polynomial and linearized normal forms for almost periodic differential systems. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2016, 36 (1) : 345-360. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2016.36.345
[13]

Yong Li, Zhenxin Liu, Wenhe Wang. Almost periodic solutions and stable solutions for stochastic differential equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2019, 24 (11) : 5927-5944. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2019113
[14]

Jia Li, Junxiang Xu. On the reducibility of a class of almost periodic Hamiltonian systems. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2021, 26 (7) : 3905-3919. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020268
[15]

Bin-Guo Wang, Wan-Tong Li, Lizhong Qiang. An almost periodic epidemic model in a patchy environment. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2016, 21 (1) : 271-289. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2016.21.271
[16]

Sorin Micu, Ademir F. Pazoto. Almost periodic solutions for a weakly dissipated hybrid system. Mathematical Control & Related Fields, 2014, 4 (1) : 101-113. doi: 10.3934/mcrf.2014.4.101
[17]

Denis Pennequin. Existence of almost periodic solutions of discrete time equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2001, 7 (1) : 51-60. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2001.7.51
[18]

Andriy Bondarenko, Guy Bouchitté, Luísa Mascarenhas, Rajesh Mahadevan. Rate of convergence for correctors in almost periodic homogenization. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2005, 13 (2) : 503-514. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2005.13.503
[19]

Yongkun Li, Pan Wang. Almost periodic solution for neutral functional dynamic equations with Stepanov-almost periodic terms on time scales. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2017, 10 (3) : 463-473. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2017022
[20]

Ábel Garab. Unique periodic orbits of a delay differential equation with piecewise linear feedback function. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2013, 33 (6) : 2369-2387. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2013.33.2369

2020 Impact Factor: 1.916

Tools

Metrics

  • PDF downloads (31)
  • HTML views (0)
  • Cited by (0)

Other articles
by authors

[Back to Top]

Copyright © 2021 American Institute of Mathematical Sciences