Instability of unidirectional flows for the 2D α-Euler equations

Holger Dullin; Yuri Latushkin; Robert Marangell; Shibi Vasudevan; Joachim Worthington

doi:10.3934/cpaa.2020091

Article Contents

2020, Volume 19, Issue 4: 2051-2079. Doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2020091

This issue Previous Article Nonclassical diffusion with memory lacking instantaneous damping Next Article Advances in the truncated Euler–Maruyama method for stochastic differential delay equations

Instability of unidirectional flows for the 2D α-Euler equations

1.
School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
2.
Department of Mathematics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
3.
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
4.
International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, 560089, India
5.
Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Woolloomooloo, NSW 2011, Australia

^*Corresponding author
^*Corresponding author

Dedicated to Prof. Tomás Caraballo on the occasion of his 60-th birthday

Received: December 31, 2018

Revised: June 30, 2019

Published: January 2020

Partially supported by the USA NSF grant DMS-171098

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Abstract

We study stability of unidirectional flows for the linearized 2D $ \alpha $-Euler equations on the torus. The unidirectional flows are steady states whose vorticity is given by Fourier modes corresponding to a vector $ \mathbf p \in \mathbb Z^{2} $. We linearize the $ \alpha $-Euler equation and write the linearized operator $ L_{B} $ in $ \ell^{2}(\mathbb Z^{2}) $ as a direct sum of one-dimensional difference operators $ L_{B,\mathbf q} $ in $ \ell^{2}(\mathbb Z) $ parametrized by some vectors $ \mathbf q\in\mathbb Z^2 $ such that the set $ \{\mathbf q +n \mathbf p:n \in \mathbb Z\} $ covers the entire grid $ \mathbb Z^{2} $. The set $ \{\mathbf q +n \mathbf p:n \in \mathbb Z\} $ can have zero, one, or two points inside the disk of radius $ \|\mathbf p\| $. We consider the case where the set $ \{\mathbf q +n \mathbf p:n \in \mathbb Z\} $ has exactly one point in the open disc of radius $ \mathbf p $. We show that unidirectional flows that satisfy this condition are linearly unstable. Our main result is an instability theorem that provides a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a positive eigenvalue to the operator $ L_{B, {\mathbf q}} $ in terms of equations involving certain continued fractions. Moreover, we are also able to provide a complete characterization of the corresponding eigenvector. The proof is based on the use of continued fractions techniques expanding upon the ideas of Friedlander and Howard.

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Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 35Q31, 76E05, 47A10, 40A15; Secondary: 35Q35, 35B35, 35P99.

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Figure 1. $ {\bf p} = (3,1) $; point $ {\bf q}_1 = (-1,2) $ is a point of type $ I_0 $ (green $ \Sigma_{{\bf q}_1} $), point $ {\bf q}_2 = (-1,1) $ is a point of type $ II $ (blue $ \Sigma_{{\bf q}_2} $), point $ {\bf q}_3 = (0,-2) $ is a point of type $ I_+ $ (red $ \Sigma_{{\bf q}_3} $), and point $ {\bf q}_4 = (2,-2) $ is a point of type $ I_- $ (brown $ \Sigma_{{\bf q}_4} $)

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