-
Previous Article
A note on periodic orbits for singular-hyperbolic flows
- DCDS Home
- This Issue
-
Next Article
Birkhoff cones, symbolic dynamics and spectrum of transfer operators
Sharkovsky orderings of higher order difference equations
| 1. | Institute of Mathematics, University of Witten/Herdecke, 58448 Witten, Germany, Germany |
$3\vartriangleright 5\rhd \cdots \rhd 2\cdot 3\rhd 2\cdot 5 \triangleright \cdots \rhd 2^2\cdot 3\rhd 2^2\cdot 5\rhd \cdots \rhd \cdots \rhd 2^2 \rhd 2\rhd 1 $
tells that if the difference equation
$x_n=f(x_{n-1}),\quad n=1,2,\ldots $ (1)
has a periodic solution with period $p$ then it has also periodic solutions of period $p'$ for all $p'$ to the right of $p$ in the Sharkovsky ordering. Here we generalize this result to the difference equation of $k-$th order
$x_n=f(x_{n-k}),\quad n=1,2,\ldots $ (2)
for arbitrary $k\in \mathbb N$. It turns out that for each $k$ there is an individual ordering. In these orderings the prime number decomposition of $k$ plays an important role. In particular each number in the set
$S_k(p')=${ $l\cdot p'$ where $l$ divides $k$ and the pair $(k/l,p')$ is coprime}
is a period of (2) if $p\trianglerighteq p'$ and $p$ is a period
of (1). Thus, for different values of $k$ there are generally
different bifurcation schemes.
We also prove theorems about the number of periodic solutions and of attractive cycles of $x_n=f(x_{n-k})$.
We suggest that the $k-$th order difference equation (2) may give
important insight to the behavior of delay--differential equations
of the type $\varepsilon \dot
x(t)+x(t)=f(x(t-1))$ by considering the parameter
$\varepsilon \rightarrow 0$ in a singular perturbation problem.
| [1] |
Yukihiko Nakata. Existence of a period two solution of a delay differential equation. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2021, 14 (3) : 1103-1110. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020392 |
| [2] |
Feifei Cheng, Ji Li. Geometric singular perturbation analysis of Degasperis-Procesi equation with distributed delay. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2021, 41 (2) : 967-985. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020305 |
| [3] |
Siyang Cai, Yongmei Cai, Xuerong Mao. A stochastic differential equation SIS epidemic model with regime switching. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2020 doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020317 |
| [4] |
Ryuji Kajikiya. Existence of nodal solutions for the sublinear Moore-Nehari differential equation. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2021, 41 (3) : 1483-1506. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020326 |
| [5] |
Tetsuya Ishiwata, Young Chol Yang. Numerical and mathematical analysis of blow-up problems for a stochastic differential equation. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2021, 14 (3) : 909-918. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020391 |
| [6] |
Xin-Guang Yang, Lu Li, Xingjie Yan, Ling Ding. The structure and stability of pullback attractors for 3D Brinkman-Forchheimer equation with delay. Electronic Research Archive, 2020, 28 (4) : 1395-1418. doi: 10.3934/era.2020074 |
| [7] |
Editorial Office. Retraction: Xiao-Qian Jiang and Lun-Chuan Zhang, A pricing option approach based on backward stochastic differential equation theory. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2019, 12 (4&5) : 969-969. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2019065 |
| [8] |
Stefan Ruschel, Serhiy Yanchuk. The spectrum of delay differential equations with multiple hierarchical large delays. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2021, 14 (1) : 151-175. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020321 |
| [9] |
Hai Huang, Xianlong Fu. Optimal control problems for a neutral integro-differential system with infinite delay. Evolution Equations & Control Theory, 2020 doi: 10.3934/eect.2020107 |
| [10] |
John Mallet-Paret, Roger D. Nussbaum. Asymptotic homogenization for delay-differential equations and a question of analyticity. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2020, 40 (6) : 3789-3812. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020044 |
| [11] |
Mugen Huang, Moxun Tang, Jianshe Yu, Bo Zheng. A stage structured model of delay differential equations for Aedes mosquito population suppression. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2020, 40 (6) : 3467-3484. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020042 |
| [12] |
Marc Homs-Dones. A generalization of the Babbage functional equation. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2021, 41 (2) : 899-919. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020303 |
| [13] |
Fathalla A. Rihan, Hebatallah J. Alsakaji. Stochastic delay differential equations of three-species prey-predator system with cooperation among prey species. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2020 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020468 |
| [14] |
Qingfeng Zhu, Yufeng Shi. Nonzero-sum differential game of backward doubly stochastic systems with delay and applications. Mathematical Control & Related Fields, 2021, 11 (1) : 73-94. doi: 10.3934/mcrf.2020028 |
| [15] |
Julian Tugaut. Captivity of the solution to the granular media equation. Kinetic & Related Models, , () : -. doi: 10.3934/krm.2021002 |
| [16] |
Bilel Elbetch, Tounsia Benzekri, Daniel Massart, Tewfik Sari. The multi-patch logistic equation. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2021 doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2021025 |
| [17] |
Peter Poláčik, Pavol Quittner. Entire and ancient solutions of a supercritical semilinear heat equation. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2021, 41 (1) : 413-438. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020136 |
| [18] |
Jianhua Huang, Yanbin Tang, Ming Wang. Singular support of the global attractor for a damped BBM equation. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2020 doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020345 |
| [19] |
Stefano Bianchini, Paolo Bonicatto. Forward untangling and applications to the uniqueness problem for the continuity equation. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2020 doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020384 |
| [20] |
Anh Tuan Duong, Phuong Le, Nhu Thang Nguyen. Symmetry and nonexistence results for a fractional Choquard equation with weights. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2021, 41 (2) : 489-505. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020265 |
2019 Impact Factor: 1.338
Tools
Metrics
Other articles
by authors
[Back to Top]