# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

February & March  2004, 11(2&3): 599-614. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2004.11.599

## Sharkovsky orderings of higher order difference equations

 1 Institute of Mathematics, University of Witten/Herdecke, 58448 Witten, Germany, Germany

Received  January 2003 Revised  March 2004 Published  June 2004

Given an arbitrary continuous function $f:I\rightarrow I$, $I$ some interval, the well known Sharkovsky ordering

$3\vartriangleright 5\rhd \cdots \rhd 2\cdot 3\rhd 2\cdot 5 \triangleright \cdots \rhd 2^2\cdot 3\rhd 2^2\cdot 5\rhd \cdots \rhd \cdots \rhd 2^2 \rhd 2\rhd 1$

tells that if the difference equation

$x_n=f(x_{n-1}),\quad n=1,2,\ldots$     (1)

has a periodic solution with period $p$ then it has also periodic solutions of period $p'$ for all $p'$ to the right of $p$ in the Sharkovsky ordering. Here we generalize this result to the difference equation of $k-$th order

$x_n=f(x_{n-k}),\quad n=1,2,\ldots$    (2)

for arbitrary $k\in \mathbb N$. It turns out that for each $k$ there is an individual ordering. In these orderings the prime number decomposition of $k$ plays an important role. In particular each number in the set

$S_k(p')=${ $l\cdot p'$ where $l$ divides $k$ and the pair $(k/l,p')$ is coprime}

is a period of (2) if $p\trianglerighteq p'$ and $p$ is a period of (1). Thus, for different values of $k$ there are generally different bifurcation schemes.
We also prove theorems about the number of periodic solutions and of attractive cycles of $x_n=f(x_{n-k})$.
We suggest that the $k-$th order difference equation (2) may give important insight to the behavior of delay--differential equations of the type $\varepsilon \dot x(t)+x(t)=f(x(t-1))$ by considering the parameter $\varepsilon \rightarrow 0$ in a singular perturbation problem.

Citation: Uwe an der Heiden, Mann-Lin Liang. Sharkovsky orderings of higher order difference equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2004, 11 (2&3) : 599-614. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2004.11.599
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