# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

December  2015, 35(12): 5555-5607. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2015.35.5555

## Large $s$-harmonic functions and boundary blow-up solutions for the fractional Laplacian

 1 Laboratoire Amiénois de Mathématique Fondamentale et Appliquée, CNRS UMR 7352, UFR des Sciences, 33, rue Saint-Leu, 80039, Amiens Cedex 1, France

Received  November 2013 Revised  March 2014 Published  May 2015

We present a notion of weak solution for the Dirichlet problem driven by the fractional Laplacian, following the Stampacchia theory. Then, we study semilinear problems of the form $\left\lbrace\begin{array}{ll} (-\triangle)^s u = \pm\,f(x,u) & \hbox{ in }\Omega \\ u=g & \hbox{ in }\mathbb{R}^n\setminus\overline{\Omega}\\ Eu=h & \hbox{ on }\partial\Omega \end{array}\right.$ when the nonlinearity $f$ and the boundary data $g,h$ are positive, but allowing the right-hand side to be both positive or negative and looking for solutions that blow up at the boundary. The operator $E$ is a weighted limit to the boundary: for example, if $\Omega$ is the ball $B$, there exists a constant $C(n,s)>0$ such that $Eu(\theta) = C(n,s) \lim_{x \to \theta}_{x\in B} u(x) {dist(x,\partial B)}^{1-s}, \hbox{ for all } \theta \in \partial B.$ Our starting observation is the existence of $s$-harmonic functions which explode at the boundary: these will be used both as supersolutions in the case of negative right-hand side and as subsolutions in the positive case.
Citation: Nicola Abatangelo. Large $s$-harmonic functions and boundary blow-up solutions for the fractional Laplacian. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2015, 35 (12) : 5555-5607. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2015.35.5555
##### References:
 [1] S. Axler, P. Bourdon and W. Ramey, Harmonic Function Theory,, 2nd edition, (2001).  doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-8137-3.  Google Scholar [2] C. Bandle, Asymptotic behavior of large solutions of elliptic equations,, Analele Universităţii din Craiova. Seria Matematică-Informatică, 32 (2005), 1.   Google Scholar [3] K. Bogdan, Representation of $\alpha$-harmonic functions in Lipschitz domains,, Hiroshima Mathematical Journal, 29 (1999), 227.   Google Scholar [4] K. Bogdan, The boundary Harnack principle for the fractional Laplacian,, Studia Mathematica, 123 (1997), 43.   Google Scholar [5] K. Bogdan, T. Byczkowski, T. Kulczycki, M. Ryznar, R. Song and Z. Vondraček, Potential Analysis of Stable Processes and Its Extensions,, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, (2009).  doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-02141-1.  Google Scholar [6] L. Caffarelli and L. Silvestre, An extension problem related to the fractional Laplacian,, Communications in Partial Differential Equations, 32 (2007), 1245.  doi: 10.1080/03605300600987306.  Google Scholar [7] H. Chen, P. Felmer and A. Quaas, Large solutions to elliptic equations involving the fractional Laplacian,, Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré (C) Analyse Non Linéaire, (2014).  doi: 10.1016/j.anihpc.2014.08.001.  Google Scholar [8] H. Chen and L. Véron, Semilinear fractional elliptic equations involving measures,, Journal of Differential Equations, 257 (2014), 1457.  doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2014.05.012.  Google Scholar [9] Z.-Q. Chen, Multidimensional symmetric stable processes,, The Korean Journal of Computational & Applied Mathematics, 6 (1999), 227.   Google Scholar [10] P. Clément and G. Sweers, Getting a solution between sub- and supersolutions without monotone iteration,, Rendiconti dell'Istituto di Matematica dell'Università di Trieste, 19 (1987), 189.   Google Scholar [11] O. Costin and L. Dupaigne, Boundary blow-up solutions in the unit ball: Asymptotics, uniqueness and symmetry,, Journal of Differential Equations, 249 (2010), 931.  doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2010.02.023.  Google Scholar [12] O. Costin, L. Dupaigne and O. Goubet, Uniqueness of large solutions,, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 395 (2012), 806.  doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2012.05.085.  Google Scholar [13] J.-S. Dhersin and J.-F. Le Gall, Wiener's test for super-Brownian motion and the Brownian snake,, Probability Theory and Related Fields, 108 (1997), 103.  doi: 10.1007/s004400050103.  Google Scholar [14] E. Di Nezza, G. Palatucci and E. Valdinoci, Hitchhiker's guide to the fractional Sobolev spaces,, Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques, 136 (2012), 521.  doi: 10.1016/j.bulsci.2011.12.004.  Google Scholar [15] S. Dumont, L. Dupaigne, O. Goubet and V. Rădulescu, Back to the Keller-Osserman condition for boundary blow-up solutions,, Advanced Nonlinear Studies, 7 (2007), 271.   Google Scholar [16] L. Dupaigne, Stable Solutions of Elliptic Partial Differential Equations,, Chapman & Hall/CRC, (2011).  doi: 10.1201/b10802.  Google Scholar [17] P. Felmer and A. Quaas, Boundary blow up solutions for fractional elliptic equations,, Asymptotic Analysis, 78 (2012), 123.   Google Scholar [18] G. Grubb, Fractional Laplacians on domains, a development of Hörmander's theory of mu-transmission pseudodifferential operators,, Advances in Mathematics, 268 (2015), 478.  doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2014.09.018.  Google Scholar [19] K. H. Karlsen, F. Petitta and S. Ulusoy, A duality approach to the fractional Laplacian with measure data,, Publicacions Matemàtiques, 55 (2011), 151.  doi: 10.5565/PUBLMAT_55111_07.  Google Scholar [20] J. B. Keller, On solutions of $\Delta u=f(u)$,, Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 10 (1957), 503.  doi: 10.1002/cpa.3160100402.  Google Scholar [21] T. Klimsiak and A. Rozkosz, Dirichlet forms and semilinear elliptic equations with measure data,, Journal of Functional Analysis, 265 (2013), 890.  doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2013.05.028.  Google Scholar [22] N. S. Landkof, Foundations of Modern Potential Theory,, Translated from the Russian by A. P. Doohovskoy, (1972).   Google Scholar [23] M. Marcus and L. Véron, Existence and uniqueness results for large solutions of general nonlinear elliptic equations,, Journal of Evolution Equations, 3 (2003), 637.  doi: 10.1007/s00028-003-0122-y.  Google Scholar [24] M. Marcus and L. Véron, Nonlinear Second Order Elliptic Equations Involving Measures,, De Gruyter, (2014).   Google Scholar [25] M. Montenegro and A. C. Ponce, The sub-supersolution method for weak solutions,, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 136 (2008), 2429.  doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-08-09231-9.  Google Scholar [26] B. Mselati, Classification and probabilistic representation of the positive solutions of a semilinear elliptic equation,, Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society, 168 (2004).  doi: 10.1090/memo/0798.  Google Scholar [27] R. Osserman, On the inequality $\Delta u\geq f(u)$,, Pacific Journal of Mathematics, 7 (1957), 1641.   Google Scholar [28] M. Riesz, Intégrales de Riemann-Liouville et potentiels,, Acta Sci. Math. (Szeged), 9 (1938), 1.   Google Scholar [29] X. Ros-Oton and J. Serra, The Dirichlet problem for the fractional Laplacian: Regularity up to the boundary,, Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées (9), 101 (2014), 275.   Google Scholar [30] L. Silvestre, Regularity of the obstacle problem for a fractional power of the Laplace operator,, Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 60 (2007), 67.  doi: 10.1002/cpa.20153.  Google Scholar [31] G. Stampacchia, Équations Elliptiques du Second Ordre à Coefficients Discontinus,, Séminaire de Mathématiques Supérieures, (1965).   Google Scholar

show all references

##### References:
 [1] S. Axler, P. Bourdon and W. Ramey, Harmonic Function Theory,, 2nd edition, (2001).  doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-8137-3.  Google Scholar [2] C. Bandle, Asymptotic behavior of large solutions of elliptic equations,, Analele Universităţii din Craiova. Seria Matematică-Informatică, 32 (2005), 1.   Google Scholar [3] K. Bogdan, Representation of $\alpha$-harmonic functions in Lipschitz domains,, Hiroshima Mathematical Journal, 29 (1999), 227.   Google Scholar [4] K. Bogdan, The boundary Harnack principle for the fractional Laplacian,, Studia Mathematica, 123 (1997), 43.   Google Scholar [5] K. Bogdan, T. Byczkowski, T. Kulczycki, M. Ryznar, R. Song and Z. Vondraček, Potential Analysis of Stable Processes and Its Extensions,, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, (2009).  doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-02141-1.  Google Scholar [6] L. Caffarelli and L. Silvestre, An extension problem related to the fractional Laplacian,, Communications in Partial Differential Equations, 32 (2007), 1245.  doi: 10.1080/03605300600987306.  Google Scholar [7] H. Chen, P. Felmer and A. Quaas, Large solutions to elliptic equations involving the fractional Laplacian,, Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré (C) Analyse Non Linéaire, (2014).  doi: 10.1016/j.anihpc.2014.08.001.  Google Scholar [8] H. Chen and L. Véron, Semilinear fractional elliptic equations involving measures,, Journal of Differential Equations, 257 (2014), 1457.  doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2014.05.012.  Google Scholar [9] Z.-Q. Chen, Multidimensional symmetric stable processes,, The Korean Journal of Computational & Applied Mathematics, 6 (1999), 227.   Google Scholar [10] P. Clément and G. Sweers, Getting a solution between sub- and supersolutions without monotone iteration,, Rendiconti dell'Istituto di Matematica dell'Università di Trieste, 19 (1987), 189.   Google Scholar [11] O. Costin and L. Dupaigne, Boundary blow-up solutions in the unit ball: Asymptotics, uniqueness and symmetry,, Journal of Differential Equations, 249 (2010), 931.  doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2010.02.023.  Google Scholar [12] O. Costin, L. Dupaigne and O. Goubet, Uniqueness of large solutions,, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 395 (2012), 806.  doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2012.05.085.  Google Scholar [13] J.-S. Dhersin and J.-F. Le Gall, Wiener's test for super-Brownian motion and the Brownian snake,, Probability Theory and Related Fields, 108 (1997), 103.  doi: 10.1007/s004400050103.  Google Scholar [14] E. Di Nezza, G. Palatucci and E. Valdinoci, Hitchhiker's guide to the fractional Sobolev spaces,, Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques, 136 (2012), 521.  doi: 10.1016/j.bulsci.2011.12.004.  Google Scholar [15] S. Dumont, L. Dupaigne, O. Goubet and V. Rădulescu, Back to the Keller-Osserman condition for boundary blow-up solutions,, Advanced Nonlinear Studies, 7 (2007), 271.   Google Scholar [16] L. Dupaigne, Stable Solutions of Elliptic Partial Differential Equations,, Chapman & Hall/CRC, (2011).  doi: 10.1201/b10802.  Google Scholar [17] P. Felmer and A. Quaas, Boundary blow up solutions for fractional elliptic equations,, Asymptotic Analysis, 78 (2012), 123.   Google Scholar [18] G. Grubb, Fractional Laplacians on domains, a development of Hörmander's theory of mu-transmission pseudodifferential operators,, Advances in Mathematics, 268 (2015), 478.  doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2014.09.018.  Google Scholar [19] K. H. Karlsen, F. Petitta and S. Ulusoy, A duality approach to the fractional Laplacian with measure data,, Publicacions Matemàtiques, 55 (2011), 151.  doi: 10.5565/PUBLMAT_55111_07.  Google Scholar [20] J. B. Keller, On solutions of $\Delta u=f(u)$,, Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 10 (1957), 503.  doi: 10.1002/cpa.3160100402.  Google Scholar [21] T. Klimsiak and A. Rozkosz, Dirichlet forms and semilinear elliptic equations with measure data,, Journal of Functional Analysis, 265 (2013), 890.  doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2013.05.028.  Google Scholar [22] N. S. Landkof, Foundations of Modern Potential Theory,, Translated from the Russian by A. P. Doohovskoy, (1972).   Google Scholar [23] M. Marcus and L. Véron, Existence and uniqueness results for large solutions of general nonlinear elliptic equations,, Journal of Evolution Equations, 3 (2003), 637.  doi: 10.1007/s00028-003-0122-y.  Google Scholar [24] M. Marcus and L. Véron, Nonlinear Second Order Elliptic Equations Involving Measures,, De Gruyter, (2014).   Google Scholar [25] M. Montenegro and A. C. Ponce, The sub-supersolution method for weak solutions,, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 136 (2008), 2429.  doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-08-09231-9.  Google Scholar [26] B. Mselati, Classification and probabilistic representation of the positive solutions of a semilinear elliptic equation,, Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society, 168 (2004).  doi: 10.1090/memo/0798.  Google Scholar [27] R. Osserman, On the inequality $\Delta u\geq f(u)$,, Pacific Journal of Mathematics, 7 (1957), 1641.   Google Scholar [28] M. Riesz, Intégrales de Riemann-Liouville et potentiels,, Acta Sci. Math. (Szeged), 9 (1938), 1.   Google Scholar [29] X. Ros-Oton and J. Serra, The Dirichlet problem for the fractional Laplacian: Regularity up to the boundary,, Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées (9), 101 (2014), 275.   Google Scholar [30] L. Silvestre, Regularity of the obstacle problem for a fractional power of the Laplace operator,, Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 60 (2007), 67.  doi: 10.1002/cpa.20153.  Google Scholar [31] G. Stampacchia, Équations Elliptiques du Second Ordre à Coefficients Discontinus,, Séminaire de Mathématiques Supérieures, (1965).   Google Scholar
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