Adaptive isogeometric methods with hierarchical splines: An overview

Cesare Bracco; Annalisa Buffa; Carlotta Giannelli; Rafael Vázquez

doi:10.3934/dcds.2019010

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January 2019, 39(1): 241-261. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2019010

Adaptive isogeometric methods with hierarchical splines: An overview

Cesare Bracco ^1, , Annalisa Buffa ^2,3,, , Carlotta Giannelli ^1, and Rafael Vázquez ^2,3,

1.	Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica 'U. Dini', Università degli Studi di Firenze, viale Morgagni 67a, 50134 Firenze, Italy
2.	Institute of Mathematics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 8, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
3.	Istituto di Matematica Applicata e Tecnologie Informatiche "E. Magenes" del CNR, via Ferrata 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy

* Corresponding author: Annalisa Buffa

Received December 2017 Revised June 2018 Published October 2018

We consider an adaptive isogeometric method (AIGM) based on (truncated) hierarchical B-splines and present the study of its numerical properties. By following [10,12,11], optimal convergence rates of the AIGM can be proved when suitable approximation classes are considered. This is in line with the theory of adaptive methods developed for finite elements, recently well reviewed in [43]. The important output of our analysis is the definition of classes of admissibility for meshes underlying hierarchical splines and the design of an optimal adaptive strategy based on these classes of meshes. The adaptivity analysis is validated on a selection of numerical tests. We also compare the results obtained with suitably graded meshes related to different classes of admissibility for 2D and 3D configurations.

Keywords: Isogeometric analysis, adaptive methods, error estimate, hierarchical splines, THB-splines.

Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 41A15, 65N30; Secondary: 65D07, 65N12.

Citation: Cesare Bracco, Annalisa Buffa, Carlotta Giannelli, Rafael Vázquez. Adaptive isogeometric methods with hierarchical splines: An overview. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2019, 39 (1) : 241-261. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2019010

References:

[1]	M. Actis, P. Morin and M. S. Pauletti, A new perspective on hierarchical spline spaces for adaptivity, arXiv: 1808.02053
[2]	Y. Bazilevs, V. M. Calo, J. A. Cottrell, J. Evans, T. J. R. Hughes, S. Lipton, M. A. Scott and T. W. Sederberg, Isogeometric analysis using T-Splines, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 199 (2010), 229-263. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2009.02.036.
[3]	L. Beirão da Veiga, A. Buffa, D. Cho and G. Sangalli, Analysis-Suitable T-splines are Dual-Compatible, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 249/252 (2012), 42-51. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2012.02.025.
[4]	L. Beirão da Veiga, A. Buffa, G. Sangalli and R. Vázquez, Analysis-suitable T-splines of arbitrary degree: Definition, linear independence and approximation properties, Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci., 23 (2013), 1979-2003. doi: 10.1142/S0218202513500231.
[5]	A. Bonito and R. H. Nochetto, Quasi-optimal convergence rate of an adaptive discontinuous Galerkin method, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 48 (2010), 734-771. doi: 10.1137/08072838X.
[6]	C. Bracco, C. Giannelli and R. Vázquez, Refinement algorithms for adaptive isogeometric methods with hierarchical splines, Axioms, 7 (2018), 43. doi: 10.3390/axioms7030043.
[7]	A. Buffa and E. M. Garau, Refinable spaces and local approximation estimates for hierarchical splines, IMA J. Numer. Anal., 37 (2017), 1125-1149. doi: 10.1093/imanum/drw035.
[8]	A. Buffa and E. M. Garau, A posteriori error estimators for hierarchical B-spline discretizations, Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci., 28 (2018), 1453-1480. doi: 10.1142/S0218202518500392.
[9]	A. Buffa, E. M. Garau, C. Giannelli and G. Sangalli, On quasi-interpolation operators in spline spaces, in Building Bridges: Connections and Challenges in Modern Approaches to Numerical Partial Differential Equations (eds. G. R. Barrenechea et al.), vol. 114, Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering, 2016, 73-91. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-41640-3_3.
[10]	A. Buffa and C. Giannelli, Adaptive isogeometric methods with hierarchical splines: Error estimator and convergence, Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci., 26 (2016), 1-25. doi: 10.1142/S0218202516500019.
[11]	A. Buffa and C. Giannelli, Adaptive isogeometric methods with hierarchical splines: Optimality and convergence rates, Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci., 27 (2017), 2781-2802. doi: 10.1142/S0218202517500580.
[12]	A. Buffa, C. Giannelli, P. Morgenstern and D. Peterseim, Complexity of hierarchical refinement for a class of admissible mesh configurations, Comput. Aided Geom. Design, 47 (2016), 83-92. doi: 10.1016/j.cagd.2016.04.003.
[13]	C. de Boor, A Practical Guide to Splines, Springer, revised ed., 2001.
[14]	T. Dokken, T. Lyche and K. F. Pettersen, Polynomial splines over locally refined box-partitions, Comput. Aided Geom. Design, 30 (2013), 331-356. doi: 10.1016/j.cagd.2012.12.005.
[15]	M. R. Dörfel, B. Jüttler and B. Simeon, Adaptive isogeometric analysis by local h-refinement with T-splines, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 199 (2010), 264-275. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2008.07.012.
[16]	W. Dörfler, A convergent adaptive algorithm for Poisson's equation, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 33 (1996), 1106-1124. doi: 10.1137/0733054.
[17]	E. J. Evans, M. A. Scott, X. Li and D. C. Thomas, Hierarchical T-splines: Analysis-suitability, Bézier extraction, and application as an adaptive basis for isogeometric analysis, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 284 (2015), 1-20. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2014.05.019.
[18]	M. Feischl, G. Gantner, A. Haberl and D. Praetorius, Adaptive 2D IGA boundary element methods, Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 62 (2016), 141-153. doi: 10.1016/j.enganabound.2015.10.003.
[19]	M. Feischl, G. Gantner, A. Haberl and D. Praetorius, Optimal convergence for adaptive IGA boundary element methods for weakly-singular integral equations, Numer. Math., 136 (2017), 147-182. doi: 10.1007/s00211-016-0836-8.
[20]	G. Gantner, D. Haberlik and D. Praetorius, Adaptive IGAFEM with optimal convergence rates: Hierarchical B-splines, Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci., 27 (2017), 2631-2674. doi: 10.1142/S0218202517500543.
[21]	E. Garau and R. Vázquez, Algorithms for the implementation of adaptive isogeometric methods using hierarchical B-splines, Appl. Numer. Math., 123 (2018), 58-87. doi: 10.1016/j.apnum.2017.08.006.
[22]	C. Giannelli and B. Jüttler, Bases and dimensions of bivariate hierarchical tensor-product splines, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 239 (2013), 162-178. doi: 10.1016/j.cam.2012.09.031.
[23]	C. Giannelli, B. Jüttler, S. K. Kleiss, A. Mantzaflaris, B. Simeon and J. Špeh, THB-splines: An effective mathematical technology for adaptive refinement in geometric design and isogeometric analysis, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 299 (2016), 337-365. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2015.11.002.
[24]	C. Giannelli, B. Jüttler and H. Speleers, THB-splines: The truncated basis for hierarchical splines, Comput. Aided Geom. Design, 29 (2012), 485-498. doi: 10.1016/j.cagd.2012.03.025.
[25]	C. Giannelli, B. Jüttler and H. Speleers, Strongly stable bases for adaptively refined multilevel spline spaces, Adv. Comput. Math., 40 (2014), 459-490. doi: 10.1007/s10444-013-9315-2.
[26]	P. Hennig, M. Kästner, P. Morgenstern and D. Peterseim, Adaptive mesh refinement strategies in isogeometric analysis— A computational comparison, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 316 (2017), 424-448. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2016.07.029.
[27]	T. J. R. Hughes, J. A. Cottrell and Y. Bazilevs, Isogeometric analysis: CAD, finite elements, NURBS, exact geometry and mesh refinement, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 194 (2005), 4135-4195. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2004.10.008.
[28]	K. A. Johannessen, T. Kvamsdal and T. Dokken, Isogeometric analysis using LR B-splines, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 269 (2014), 471-514. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2013.09.014.
[29]	K. A. Johannessen, F. Remonato and T. Kvamsdal, On the similarities and differences between Classical Hierarchical, Truncated Hierarchical and LR B-splines, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 291 (2015), 64-101. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2015.02.031.
[30]	G. Kiss, C. Giannelli, U. Zore, B. Jüttler, D. Großmann and J. Barner, Adaptive CAD model (re-)construction with THB-splines, Graphical models, 76 (2014), 273-288. doi: 10.1016/j.gmod.2014.03.017.
[31]	R. Kraft, Adaptive and linearly independent multilevel B-splines, in Surface Fitting and Multiresolution Methods (eds. A. Le Méhauté, C. Rabut and L. L. Schumaker), Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville, 1997,209-218.
[32]	M. Kumar, T. Kvamsdal and K. A. Johannessen, Simple a posteriori error estimators in adaptive isogeometric analysis, Comput. Math. Appl., 70 (2015), 1555-1582. doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2015.05.031.
[33]	M. Kumar, T. Kvamsdal and K. A. Johannessen, Superconvergent patch recovery and a posteriori error estimation technique in adaptive isogeometric analysis, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 316 (2017), 1086-1156. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2016.11.014.
[34]	G. Kuru, C. V. Verhoosel, K. G. van der Zeeb and E. H. van Brummelen, Goal-adaptive isogeometric analysis with hierarchical splines, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 270 (2014), 270-292. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2013.11.026.
[35]	X. Li, J. Zheng, T. W. Sederberg, T. J. R. Hughes and M. A. Scott, On linear independence of T-spline blending functions, Comput. Aided Geom. Design, 29 (2012), 63-76. doi: 10.1016/j.cagd.2011.08.005.
[36]	G. Lorenzo, M. A. Scott, K. Tew, T. J. R. Hughes and H. Gomez, Hierarchically refined and coarsened splines for moving interface problems, with particular application to phase-field models of prostate tumor growth, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 319 (2017), 515-548. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2017.03.009.
[37]	D. Mokriš, B. Jüttler and C. Giannelli, On the completeness of hierarchical tensor-product B-splines, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 271 (2014), 53-70. doi: 10.1016/j.cam.2014.04.001.
[38]	P. Morgenstern, Globally structured three-dimensional analysis-suitable T-splines: definition, linear independence and m-graded local refinement, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 54 (2016), 2163-2186. doi: 10.1137/15M102229X.
[39]	P. Morgenstern, Mesh Refinement Strategies for the Adaptive Isogeometric Method, PhD thesis, Institut für Numerische Simulation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 2017.
[40]	P. Morgenstern and D. Peterseim, Analysis-suitable adaptive T-mesh refinement with linear complexity, Comput. Aided Geom. Design, 34 (2015), 50-66. doi: 10.1016/j.cagd.2015.02.003.
[41]	P. Morin, R. H. Nochetto and M. S. Pauletti, An adaptive method for hierarchical splines. A posteriori estimation via local problems, convergence and optimality, In preparation.
[42]	R. H. Nochetto, K. G. Siebert and A. Veeser, Theory of adaptive finite element methods: An introduction, in Multiscale, Nonlinear and Adaptive Approximation (eds. R. DeVore and A. Kunoth), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009,409-542. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-03413-8_12.
[43]	R. H. Nochetto and A. Veeser, Primer of adaptive finite element methods, in Multiscale and Adaptivity: Modeling, Numerics and Applications, vol. 2040 of Lecture Notes in Math., Springer, Heidelberg, 2012,125-225. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-24079-9.
[44]	D. Schillinger, L. Dedé, M. Scott, J. Evans, M. Borden, E. Rank and T. Hughes, An isogeometric design-through-analysis methodology based on adaptive hierarchical refinement of NURBS, immersed boundary methods, and T-spline CAD surfaces, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 249/252 (2012), 116-150. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2012.03.017.
[45]	L. L. Schumaker, Spline Functions: Basic Theory, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2007. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511618994.
[46]	M. A. Scott, D. C. Thomas and E. J. Evans, Isogeometric spline forests, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 269 (2014), 222-264. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2013.10.024.
[47]	T. W. Sederberg, D. L. Cardon, G. T. Finnigan, N. S. North, J. Zheng and T. Lyche, T-spline simplification and local refinement, ACM Trans. Graphics, 23 (2004), 276-283. doi: 10.1145/1015706.1015715.
[48]	H. Speleers and C. Manni, Effortless quasi-interpolation in hierarchical spaces, Numer. Math., 132 (2016), 155-184. doi: 10.1007/s00211-015-0711-z.
[49]	A.-V. Vuong, C. Giannelli, B. Jüttler and B. Simeon, A hierarchical approach to adaptive local refinement in isogeometric analysis, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 200 (2011), 3554-3567. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2011.09.004.

show all references

References:

[1]	M. Actis, P. Morin and M. S. Pauletti, A new perspective on hierarchical spline spaces for adaptivity, arXiv: 1808.02053
[2]	Y. Bazilevs, V. M. Calo, J. A. Cottrell, J. Evans, T. J. R. Hughes, S. Lipton, M. A. Scott and T. W. Sederberg, Isogeometric analysis using T-Splines, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 199 (2010), 229-263. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2009.02.036.
[3]	L. Beirão da Veiga, A. Buffa, D. Cho and G. Sangalli, Analysis-Suitable T-splines are Dual-Compatible, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 249/252 (2012), 42-51. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2012.02.025.
[4]	L. Beirão da Veiga, A. Buffa, G. Sangalli and R. Vázquez, Analysis-suitable T-splines of arbitrary degree: Definition, linear independence and approximation properties, Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci., 23 (2013), 1979-2003. doi: 10.1142/S0218202513500231.
[5]	A. Bonito and R. H. Nochetto, Quasi-optimal convergence rate of an adaptive discontinuous Galerkin method, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 48 (2010), 734-771. doi: 10.1137/08072838X.
[6]	C. Bracco, C. Giannelli and R. Vázquez, Refinement algorithms for adaptive isogeometric methods with hierarchical splines, Axioms, 7 (2018), 43. doi: 10.3390/axioms7030043.
[7]	A. Buffa and E. M. Garau, Refinable spaces and local approximation estimates for hierarchical splines, IMA J. Numer. Anal., 37 (2017), 1125-1149. doi: 10.1093/imanum/drw035.
[8]	A. Buffa and E. M. Garau, A posteriori error estimators for hierarchical B-spline discretizations, Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci., 28 (2018), 1453-1480. doi: 10.1142/S0218202518500392.
[9]	A. Buffa, E. M. Garau, C. Giannelli and G. Sangalli, On quasi-interpolation operators in spline spaces, in Building Bridges: Connections and Challenges in Modern Approaches to Numerical Partial Differential Equations (eds. G. R. Barrenechea et al.), vol. 114, Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering, 2016, 73-91. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-41640-3_3.
[10]	A. Buffa and C. Giannelli, Adaptive isogeometric methods with hierarchical splines: Error estimator and convergence, Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci., 26 (2016), 1-25. doi: 10.1142/S0218202516500019.
[11]	A. Buffa and C. Giannelli, Adaptive isogeometric methods with hierarchical splines: Optimality and convergence rates, Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci., 27 (2017), 2781-2802. doi: 10.1142/S0218202517500580.
[12]	A. Buffa, C. Giannelli, P. Morgenstern and D. Peterseim, Complexity of hierarchical refinement for a class of admissible mesh configurations, Comput. Aided Geom. Design, 47 (2016), 83-92. doi: 10.1016/j.cagd.2016.04.003.
[13]	C. de Boor, A Practical Guide to Splines, Springer, revised ed., 2001.
[14]	T. Dokken, T. Lyche and K. F. Pettersen, Polynomial splines over locally refined box-partitions, Comput. Aided Geom. Design, 30 (2013), 331-356. doi: 10.1016/j.cagd.2012.12.005.
[15]	M. R. Dörfel, B. Jüttler and B. Simeon, Adaptive isogeometric analysis by local h-refinement with T-splines, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 199 (2010), 264-275. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2008.07.012.
[16]	W. Dörfler, A convergent adaptive algorithm for Poisson's equation, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 33 (1996), 1106-1124. doi: 10.1137/0733054.
[17]	E. J. Evans, M. A. Scott, X. Li and D. C. Thomas, Hierarchical T-splines: Analysis-suitability, Bézier extraction, and application as an adaptive basis for isogeometric analysis, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 284 (2015), 1-20. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2014.05.019.
[18]	M. Feischl, G. Gantner, A. Haberl and D. Praetorius, Adaptive 2D IGA boundary element methods, Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 62 (2016), 141-153. doi: 10.1016/j.enganabound.2015.10.003.
[19]	M. Feischl, G. Gantner, A. Haberl and D. Praetorius, Optimal convergence for adaptive IGA boundary element methods for weakly-singular integral equations, Numer. Math., 136 (2017), 147-182. doi: 10.1007/s00211-016-0836-8.
[20]	G. Gantner, D. Haberlik and D. Praetorius, Adaptive IGAFEM with optimal convergence rates: Hierarchical B-splines, Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci., 27 (2017), 2631-2674. doi: 10.1142/S0218202517500543.
[21]	E. Garau and R. Vázquez, Algorithms for the implementation of adaptive isogeometric methods using hierarchical B-splines, Appl. Numer. Math., 123 (2018), 58-87. doi: 10.1016/j.apnum.2017.08.006.
[22]	C. Giannelli and B. Jüttler, Bases and dimensions of bivariate hierarchical tensor-product splines, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 239 (2013), 162-178. doi: 10.1016/j.cam.2012.09.031.
[23]	C. Giannelli, B. Jüttler, S. K. Kleiss, A. Mantzaflaris, B. Simeon and J. Špeh, THB-splines: An effective mathematical technology for adaptive refinement in geometric design and isogeometric analysis, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 299 (2016), 337-365. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2015.11.002.
[24]	C. Giannelli, B. Jüttler and H. Speleers, THB-splines: The truncated basis for hierarchical splines, Comput. Aided Geom. Design, 29 (2012), 485-498. doi: 10.1016/j.cagd.2012.03.025.
[25]	C. Giannelli, B. Jüttler and H. Speleers, Strongly stable bases for adaptively refined multilevel spline spaces, Adv. Comput. Math., 40 (2014), 459-490. doi: 10.1007/s10444-013-9315-2.
[26]	P. Hennig, M. Kästner, P. Morgenstern and D. Peterseim, Adaptive mesh refinement strategies in isogeometric analysis— A computational comparison, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 316 (2017), 424-448. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2016.07.029.
[27]	T. J. R. Hughes, J. A. Cottrell and Y. Bazilevs, Isogeometric analysis: CAD, finite elements, NURBS, exact geometry and mesh refinement, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 194 (2005), 4135-4195. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2004.10.008.
[28]	K. A. Johannessen, T. Kvamsdal and T. Dokken, Isogeometric analysis using LR B-splines, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 269 (2014), 471-514. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2013.09.014.
[29]	K. A. Johannessen, F. Remonato and T. Kvamsdal, On the similarities and differences between Classical Hierarchical, Truncated Hierarchical and LR B-splines, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 291 (2015), 64-101. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2015.02.031.
[30]	G. Kiss, C. Giannelli, U. Zore, B. Jüttler, D. Großmann and J. Barner, Adaptive CAD model (re-)construction with THB-splines, Graphical models, 76 (2014), 273-288. doi: 10.1016/j.gmod.2014.03.017.
[31]	R. Kraft, Adaptive and linearly independent multilevel B-splines, in Surface Fitting and Multiresolution Methods (eds. A. Le Méhauté, C. Rabut and L. L. Schumaker), Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville, 1997,209-218.
[32]	M. Kumar, T. Kvamsdal and K. A. Johannessen, Simple a posteriori error estimators in adaptive isogeometric analysis, Comput. Math. Appl., 70 (2015), 1555-1582. doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2015.05.031.
[33]	M. Kumar, T. Kvamsdal and K. A. Johannessen, Superconvergent patch recovery and a posteriori error estimation technique in adaptive isogeometric analysis, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 316 (2017), 1086-1156. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2016.11.014.
[34]	G. Kuru, C. V. Verhoosel, K. G. van der Zeeb and E. H. van Brummelen, Goal-adaptive isogeometric analysis with hierarchical splines, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 270 (2014), 270-292. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2013.11.026.
[35]	X. Li, J. Zheng, T. W. Sederberg, T. J. R. Hughes and M. A. Scott, On linear independence of T-spline blending functions, Comput. Aided Geom. Design, 29 (2012), 63-76. doi: 10.1016/j.cagd.2011.08.005.
[36]	G. Lorenzo, M. A. Scott, K. Tew, T. J. R. Hughes and H. Gomez, Hierarchically refined and coarsened splines for moving interface problems, with particular application to phase-field models of prostate tumor growth, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 319 (2017), 515-548. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2017.03.009.
[37]	D. Mokriš, B. Jüttler and C. Giannelli, On the completeness of hierarchical tensor-product B-splines, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 271 (2014), 53-70. doi: 10.1016/j.cam.2014.04.001.
[38]	P. Morgenstern, Globally structured three-dimensional analysis-suitable T-splines: definition, linear independence and m-graded local refinement, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 54 (2016), 2163-2186. doi: 10.1137/15M102229X.
[39]	P. Morgenstern, Mesh Refinement Strategies for the Adaptive Isogeometric Method, PhD thesis, Institut für Numerische Simulation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 2017.
[40]	P. Morgenstern and D. Peterseim, Analysis-suitable adaptive T-mesh refinement with linear complexity, Comput. Aided Geom. Design, 34 (2015), 50-66. doi: 10.1016/j.cagd.2015.02.003.
[41]	P. Morin, R. H. Nochetto and M. S. Pauletti, An adaptive method for hierarchical splines. A posteriori estimation via local problems, convergence and optimality, In preparation.
[42]	R. H. Nochetto, K. G. Siebert and A. Veeser, Theory of adaptive finite element methods: An introduction, in Multiscale, Nonlinear and Adaptive Approximation (eds. R. DeVore and A. Kunoth), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009,409-542. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-03413-8_12.
[43]	R. H. Nochetto and A. Veeser, Primer of adaptive finite element methods, in Multiscale and Adaptivity: Modeling, Numerics and Applications, vol. 2040 of Lecture Notes in Math., Springer, Heidelberg, 2012,125-225. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-24079-9.
[44]	D. Schillinger, L. Dedé, M. Scott, J. Evans, M. Borden, E. Rank and T. Hughes, An isogeometric design-through-analysis methodology based on adaptive hierarchical refinement of NURBS, immersed boundary methods, and T-spline CAD surfaces, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 249/252 (2012), 116-150. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2012.03.017.
[45]	L. L. Schumaker, Spline Functions: Basic Theory, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2007. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511618994.
[46]	M. A. Scott, D. C. Thomas and E. J. Evans, Isogeometric spline forests, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 269 (2014), 222-264. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2013.10.024.
[47]	T. W. Sederberg, D. L. Cardon, G. T. Finnigan, N. S. North, J. Zheng and T. Lyche, T-spline simplification and local refinement, ACM Trans. Graphics, 23 (2004), 276-283. doi: 10.1145/1015706.1015715.
[48]	H. Speleers and C. Manni, Effortless quasi-interpolation in hierarchical spaces, Numer. Math., 132 (2016), 155-184. doi: 10.1007/s00211-015-0711-z.
[49]	A.-V. Vuong, C. Giannelli, B. Jüttler and B. Simeon, A hierarchical approach to adaptive local refinement in isogeometric analysis, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 200 (2011), 3554-3567. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2011.09.004.

Figure 1. A univariate quadratic B-spline of level $\ell$ (left) and its truncation obtained by considering $\Omega^{\ell+1} = [1,3.0]$ (right)

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Figure 2. The REFINE and REFINE_RECURSIVE modules

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Figure 3. Exact solutions for the smooth function with a peak (left) and the singular function (right)

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Figure 4. Numerical error and estimator (left) and effectivity index (right) for the smooth function with a peak. On the left, the error (solid lines) and the estimator (dashed lines) are plotted for different degrees. The red, green, blue and black lines (star, diamond, cross and circle markers, respectively) represent admissibility classes $m = 2,3,4,\infty$, respectively, while the magenta line (square marker) corresponds to uniform refinement. The same coloring and marking is used for the effectivity index (divided by 10) on the right figure

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Figure 5. Hierarchical meshes obtained for the smooth solution with a peak

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Figure 6. Numerical error and estimator (left) and effectivity index (right) for the example with singular solution. On the left, the error (solid lines) and the estimator (dashed lines) are plotted for different degrees. The red, green, blue and black lines (star, diamond, cross and circle markers, respectively) represent admissibility classes $m = 2,3,4,\infty$, respectively, while the magenta line (square marker) corresponds to uniform refinement. The same coloring and marking is used for the effectivity index (divided by 10) on the right figure

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Figure 7. Hierarchical meshes obtained for the example with singular solution

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Figure 8. Geometry and solution for the 3D example

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Figure 9. Convergence of the estimator for the 3D example. The red, green, blue and black lines (star, diamond, cross and circle markers, respectively) represent admissibility classes $m = 2,3,4,\infty$, respectively, while the magenta line (square marker) corresponds to uniform refinement

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Figure 10. Meshes obtained for the 3D example degree $\mathbf{p} = (4,4)$ and different values of the admissibility class $m$

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Table 1. Number of elements ($\# {\cal Q}$) and degrees of freedom ($\# {\cal T}({\cal Q})$) for Example 1

	$\mathbf{p}=(2,2)$		$\mathbf{p}=(3,3)$		$\mathbf{p}=(4,4)$
	$\# {\cal Q}$	$\# {\cal T}({\cal Q})$	$\# {\cal Q}$	$\# {\cal T}({\cal Q})$	$\# {\cal Q}$	$\# {\cal T}({\cal Q})$
$m=2$	$3232$	$2876$	$3880 $	$3313$	$3736 $	$3400$
$m=3$	$2500$	$2244$	$3868 $	$3317$	$2824 $	$2224$
$m=4$	$3628$	$3272$	$3064 $	$2614$	$2224 $	$1672$
$m=\infty$	$3616$	$3244$	$2980 $	$2446$	$2284 $	$1756$

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	$\mathbf{p}=(2,2)$		$\mathbf{p}=(3,3)$		$\mathbf{p}=(4,4)$
	$\# {\cal Q}$	$\# {\cal T}({\cal Q})$	$\# {\cal Q}$	$\# {\cal T}({\cal Q})$	$\# {\cal Q}$	$\# {\cal T}({\cal Q})$
$m=2$	$3232$	$2876$	$3880 $	$3313$	$3736 $	$3400$
$m=3$	$2500$	$2244$	$3868 $	$3317$	$2824 $	$2224$
$m=4$	$3628$	$3272$	$3064 $	$2614$	$2224 $	$1672$
$m=\infty$	$3616$	$3244$	$2980 $	$2446$	$2284 $	$1756$

Table 2. Number of elements ($\# {\cal Q}$) and degrees of freedom ($\# {\cal T}({\cal Q})$) for Example 2

	$\mathbf{p}=(2,2)$		$\mathbf{p}=(3,3)$		$\mathbf{p}=(4,4)$
	$\# {\cal Q}$	$\# {\cal T}({\cal Q})$	$\# {\cal Q}$	$\# {\cal T}({\cal Q})$	$\# {\cal Q}$	$\# {\cal T}({\cal Q})$
$m=2$	$68677$	$68860$	$8776 $	$8938$	$3700 $	$3822$
$m=3$	$68014$	$68201$	$6346 $	$6631$	$2875 $	$2966$
$m=4$	$68008$	$68195$	$6208 $	$6484$	$3010 $	$3138$
$m=\infty$	$68008$	$68195$	$6208 $	$6484$	$2827 $	$2895$

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	$\mathbf{p}=(2,2)$		$\mathbf{p}=(3,3)$		$\mathbf{p}=(4,4)$
	$\# {\cal Q}$	$\# {\cal T}({\cal Q})$	$\# {\cal Q}$	$\# {\cal T}({\cal Q})$	$\# {\cal Q}$	$\# {\cal T}({\cal Q})$
$m=2$	$68677$	$68860$	$8776 $	$8938$	$3700 $	$3822$
$m=3$	$68014$	$68201$	$6346 $	$6631$	$2875 $	$2966$
$m=4$	$68008$	$68195$	$6208 $	$6484$	$3010 $	$3138$
$m=\infty$	$68008$	$68195$	$6208 $	$6484$	$2827 $	$2895$

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2020 Impact Factor: 1.392

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American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

Adaptive isogeometric methods with hierarchical splines: An overview

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Adaptive isogeometric methods with hierarchical splines: An overview

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