Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, 1090 Vienna, Austria |
The material conservation of vorticity in fluid flows confined to a thin layer on the surface of a large rotating sphere, is a central result of geophysical fluid dynamics. In this paper we revisit the conservation of vorticity in the context of global scale flows on a rotating sphere. Starting from the vorticity equation instead of the Euler equation, we examine the kinematical and dynamical assumptions that are necessary to arrive at this result. We argue that, in contrast to the planar case, a two-dimensional velocity field does not lead to a single component vorticity equation on the sphere. The shallow fluid approximation is then used to argue that only one component of the vorticity equation is significant for global scale flows. Spherical coordinates are employed throughout, and no planar approximation is used.
| [1] |
G. K. Batchelor, An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999.
doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511800955.
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| [2] |
V. A. Bogomolov,
Dynamics of vorticity at a sphere, Fluid Dynamics, 12 (1977), 863-870.
doi: 10.1007/BF01090320. |
| [3] |
A. V. Borisov, I. S. Mamaev and S. M. Ramodanov,
Coupled motion of a rigid body and point vortices on a two-dimensional spherical surface, Regular and Chaotic Dynamics, 15 (2010), 440-461.
doi: 10.1134/S1560354710040040. |
| [4] |
A. Constantin and R. S. Johnson, Large gyres as a shallow-water asymptotic solution of Euler's equation in spherical coordinates, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 473 (2017), 20170063, 17 pp.
doi: 10.1098/rspa.2017.0063. |
| [5] |
A. Constantin and R. S. Johnson,
Steady large-scale ocean flows in spherical coordinates, Oceanography, 31 (2018), 42-50.
doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2018.308. |
| [6] |
A. Constantin and R. S. Johnson,
An exact, steady, purely azimuthal flow as a model for the antarctic circumpolar current, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 46 (2016), 3585-3594.
doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-16-0121.1. |
| [7] |
B. Cushman-Roisin and J.-M. Beckers, Introduction to Geophysical Fluid Dynamics: Physical and Numerical Aspects, With a foreword by John Marshall. International Geophysics Series, 101. Elsevier/Academic Press, Amsterdam, 2011.
doi: 10.1016/c2009-0-00052-x. |
| [8] |
T. Gerkema, J. T. F. Zimmerman, L. R. M. Maas and H. van Haren,
Geophysical and astrophysical fluid dynamics beyond the traditional approximation, Reviews of Geophysics, 46 (2008), RG2004.
doi: 10.1029/2006RG000220. |
| [9] |
A. E. Gill, Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics, International Geophysics, vol. 30. Academic Press, Elsevier Science, 1982.
doi: 10.1016/s0074-6142(08)x6002-4. |
| [10] |
R. S. Johnson, Application of the ideas and techniques of classical fluid mechanics to some problems in physical oceanography, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 376 (2018), 20170092, 19 pp.
doi: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0092. |
| [11] |
Y. Kimura and H. Okamoto,
Vortex motion on a sphere, Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 56 (1987), 4203-4206.
doi: 10.1143/JPSJ.56.4203. |
| [12] |
M. S. Longuet-Higgins,
Planetary waves on a rotating sphere, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 279 (1964), 446-473.
doi: 10.1098/rspa.1964.0116. |
| [13] |
A. J. Majda and A. L. Bertozzi, Vorticity and Incompressible Flow, Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics, 27. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002.
doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511613203. |
| [14] |
J. E. Marsden and A. J. Tromba, Vector Calculus, 6$^{th}$ edition, W. H. Freeman & Company, New York, 2012. |
| [15] |
C. I. Martin,
On the vorticity of mesoscale ocean currents, Oceanography, 31 (2018), 28-35.
doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2018.306. |
| [16] |
N. R. McDonald,
The motion of geophysical vortices, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 357 (1999), 3427-3444.
doi: 10.1098/rsta.1999.0501. |
| [17] |
P. Müller,
Ertel's potential vorticity theorem in physical oceanography, Reviews of Geophysics, 33 (1995), 67-97.
doi: 10.1029/94RG03215. |
| [18] |
W. F. Newns,
Functional dependence, The American Mathematical Monthly, 74 (1967), 911-920.
doi: 10.1080/00029890.1967.12000050. |
| [19] |
P. K. Newton, The N-Vortex Problem: Analytical Techniques, Applied Mathematical Sciences, 145. Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001.
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-9290-3. |
| [20] |
L. D. Talley, G. L. Pickard, W. J. Emery and J. H. Swift, Descriptive Physical Oceanography: An Introduction, 6th Edition, Academic Press, Elsevier Science, 2011. |
| [21] |
G. K. Vallis, Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics: Fundamentals and Large-Scale Circulation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017.
doi: 10.1017/9781107588417.
|
| [22] |
E. Zermelo [Translated by Enzo de Pellegrin], Hydrodynamical investigations of vortex motions in the surface of a sphere, Ernst Zermelo - Collected Works/Gesammelte Werke II. Schriften der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften(eds. H. D. Ebbinghaus, A. Kanamori), Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg, 23 (2013), 300–483. |
show all references
| [1] |
G. K. Batchelor, An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999.
doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511800955.
|
| [2] |
V. A. Bogomolov,
Dynamics of vorticity at a sphere, Fluid Dynamics, 12 (1977), 863-870.
doi: 10.1007/BF01090320. |
| [3] |
A. V. Borisov, I. S. Mamaev and S. M. Ramodanov,
Coupled motion of a rigid body and point vortices on a two-dimensional spherical surface, Regular and Chaotic Dynamics, 15 (2010), 440-461.
doi: 10.1134/S1560354710040040. |
| [4] |
A. Constantin and R. S. Johnson, Large gyres as a shallow-water asymptotic solution of Euler's equation in spherical coordinates, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 473 (2017), 20170063, 17 pp.
doi: 10.1098/rspa.2017.0063. |
| [5] |
A. Constantin and R. S. Johnson,
Steady large-scale ocean flows in spherical coordinates, Oceanography, 31 (2018), 42-50.
doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2018.308. |
| [6] |
A. Constantin and R. S. Johnson,
An exact, steady, purely azimuthal flow as a model for the antarctic circumpolar current, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 46 (2016), 3585-3594.
doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-16-0121.1. |
| [7] |
B. Cushman-Roisin and J.-M. Beckers, Introduction to Geophysical Fluid Dynamics: Physical and Numerical Aspects, With a foreword by John Marshall. International Geophysics Series, 101. Elsevier/Academic Press, Amsterdam, 2011.
doi: 10.1016/c2009-0-00052-x. |
| [8] |
T. Gerkema, J. T. F. Zimmerman, L. R. M. Maas and H. van Haren,
Geophysical and astrophysical fluid dynamics beyond the traditional approximation, Reviews of Geophysics, 46 (2008), RG2004.
doi: 10.1029/2006RG000220. |
| [9] |
A. E. Gill, Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics, International Geophysics, vol. 30. Academic Press, Elsevier Science, 1982.
doi: 10.1016/s0074-6142(08)x6002-4. |
| [10] |
R. S. Johnson, Application of the ideas and techniques of classical fluid mechanics to some problems in physical oceanography, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 376 (2018), 20170092, 19 pp.
doi: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0092. |
| [11] |
Y. Kimura and H. Okamoto,
Vortex motion on a sphere, Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 56 (1987), 4203-4206.
doi: 10.1143/JPSJ.56.4203. |
| [12] |
M. S. Longuet-Higgins,
Planetary waves on a rotating sphere, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 279 (1964), 446-473.
doi: 10.1098/rspa.1964.0116. |
| [13] |
A. J. Majda and A. L. Bertozzi, Vorticity and Incompressible Flow, Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics, 27. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002.
doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511613203. |
| [14] |
J. E. Marsden and A. J. Tromba, Vector Calculus, 6$^{th}$ edition, W. H. Freeman & Company, New York, 2012. |
| [15] |
C. I. Martin,
On the vorticity of mesoscale ocean currents, Oceanography, 31 (2018), 28-35.
doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2018.306. |
| [16] |
N. R. McDonald,
The motion of geophysical vortices, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 357 (1999), 3427-3444.
doi: 10.1098/rsta.1999.0501. |
| [17] |
P. Müller,
Ertel's potential vorticity theorem in physical oceanography, Reviews of Geophysics, 33 (1995), 67-97.
doi: 10.1029/94RG03215. |
| [18] |
W. F. Newns,
Functional dependence, The American Mathematical Monthly, 74 (1967), 911-920.
doi: 10.1080/00029890.1967.12000050. |
| [19] |
P. K. Newton, The N-Vortex Problem: Analytical Techniques, Applied Mathematical Sciences, 145. Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001.
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-9290-3. |
| [20] |
L. D. Talley, G. L. Pickard, W. J. Emery and J. H. Swift, Descriptive Physical Oceanography: An Introduction, 6th Edition, Academic Press, Elsevier Science, 2011. |
| [21] |
G. K. Vallis, Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics: Fundamentals and Large-Scale Circulation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017.
doi: 10.1017/9781107588417.
|
| [22] |
E. Zermelo [Translated by Enzo de Pellegrin], Hydrodynamical investigations of vortex motions in the surface of a sphere, Ernst Zermelo - Collected Works/Gesammelte Werke II. Schriften der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften(eds. H. D. Ebbinghaus, A. Kanamori), Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg, 23 (2013), 300–483. |
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