Critical gauged Schrödinger equations in <inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}$ \mathbb{R}^2 $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> with vanishing potentials

Liejun Shen; Marco Squassina; Minbo Yang

doi:10.3934/dcds.2022059

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September 2022, 42(9): 4415-4438. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2022059

Critical gauged Schrödinger equations in $ \mathbb{R}^2 $ with vanishing potentials

Liejun Shen ^1, , Marco Squassina ^2,, and Minbo Yang ^1,

1.	Department of Mathematics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
2.	Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via della Garzetta 48, 25133, Brescia, Italy

^*Corresponding author: Marco Squassina

Received October 2021 Revised March 2022 Published September 2022 Early access April 2022

Fund Project: Marco Squassina is member of the Gruppo Nazionale per l'Analisi Matematica, la Probabilita e le loro Applicazioni (GNAMPA) of the Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica (INdAM). Minbo Yang was partially supported by NSFC (11971436, 12011530199) and ZJNSF(LZ22A010001, LD19A010001)

We study a class of gauged nonlinear Schrödinger equations in the plane

$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} -\Delta u+V(|x|) u+\lambda\bigg(\int_{|x|}^\infty \frac{h_u(s)}{s}u^2(s)ds+\frac{h_u^2(|x|)}{|x|^2} \bigg)u\\\qquad \, = K(|x|)f(u)+\mu g(|x|)|u|^{q-2}u, \\ u(x) = u(|x|) \; {\rm{in}}\; \mathbb{R}^2, \\\\ \end{array} \right. $

where

$ h_u(s) = \int_0^s\frac{r}{2}u^2(r)dr $

$ \lambda,\mu>0 $

are constants,

$ V(|x|) $

and

$ K(|x|) $

are continuous functions vanishing at infinity. Assume that

$ f $

is of critical exponential growth and

$ g(x) = g(|x|) $

satisfies some technical assumptions with

$ 1\leq q<2 $

, we obtain the existence of two nontrivial solutions via the Mountain-Pass theorem and Ekeland's variational principle. Moreover, with the help of the genus theory, we prove the existence of infinitely many solutions if

$ f $

in addition is odd.

Keywords: Gauged Schrödinger equation, vanishing potentials, critical exponential growth, multiplicity.

Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 35J20; Secondary: 35Q55.

Citation: Liejun Shen, Marco Squassina, Minbo Yang. Critical gauged Schrödinger equations in $ \mathbb{R}^2 $ with vanishing potentials. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2022, 42 (9) : 4415-4438. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2022059

References:

[1]	Ad imurthi and S. L. Yadava, Multiplicity results for semilinear elliptic equations in bounded domain of $\mathbb{R}^{2}$ involving critical exponent, Ann. Sc. Norm. Super. Pisa, 17 (1990), 481-504.
[2]	Ad imurthi and Y. Yang, An interpolation of Hardy inequality and Trudinger-Moser inequality in $ \mathbb{R}^N$ and its applications, Int. Math. Res. Not. IMRN, 2010 (2010), 2394-2426. doi: 10.1093/imrn/rnp194.
[3]	F. S. B. Albuquerque, J. L. Carvalho, G. M. Figueiredo and E. S. Medeiros, On a planar non-autonomous Schrödinger-Poisson system involving exponential critical growth, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 60 (2021), Paper No. 40, 30 pp. doi: 10.1007/s00526-020-01902-6.
[4]	F. S. B. Albuquerque, M. C. Ferreira and U. B. Severo, Ground state solutions for a nonlocal equation in $ \mathbb{R}^2$ involving vanishing potentials and exponential critical growth, Milan J. Math., 89 (2021), 263-294. doi: 10.1007/s00032-021-00334-x.
[5]	C. O. Alves, M. A. Souto and M. Montenegro, Existence of a ground state solution for a nonlinear scalar field equation with critical growth, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 43 (2012), 537-554. doi: 10.1007/s00526-011-0422-y.
[6]	J. G. Azorero and I. P. Alonso, Multiplicity of solutions for elliptic problems with critical exponent or with a nonsymmetric term, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 323 (1991), 877-895. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-1991-1083144-2.
[7]	A. Azzollini and A. Pomponio, Positive energy static solutions for the Chern-Simons-Schrödinger system under a large-distance fall-off requirement on the gauge potentials, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 60 (2021), Paper No. 165, 30 pp. doi: 10.1007/s00526-021-02031-4.
[8]	H. Berestycki, T. Gallouët and O. Kavian, Équations de champs scalaires euclidiens non linéaires dans le plan, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. I Math., 297 (1983), 307-310.
[9]	H. Berestycki and P. L. Lions, Nonlinear scalar field equations. Ⅰ. Existence of a ground state, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., 82 (1983), 313-345. doi: 10.1007/BF00250555.
[10]	H. Berestycki and P. L. Lions, Nonlinear scalar field equations. Ⅱ. Existence of infinitely many solutions, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., 82 (1983), 347-375. doi: 10.1007/BF00250556.
[11]	L. Bergé, A. de Bouard and J. C. Saut, Blowing up time-dependent solutions of the planar Chern-Simons gauged nonlinear Schrödinger equation, Nonlinearity, 8 (1995), 235-253. doi: 10.1088/0951-7715/8/2/007.
[12]	J. Byeon, H. Huh and J. Seok, Standing waves of nonlinear Schrödinger equations with the gauge field, J. Funct. Anal., 263 (2012), 1575-1608. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2012.05.024.
[13]	J. Byeon, H. Huh and J. Seok, On standing waves with a vortex point of order N for the nonlinear Chern-Simons-Schrödinger equations, J. Differential Equations, 261 (2016), 1285-1316. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2016.04.004.
[14]	D. Cao, Nontrivial solution of semilinear elliptic equation with critical exponent in $ \mathbb{R}^2$, Commun. Partial Differential Equations, 17 (1992), 407-435. doi: 10.1080/03605309208820848.
[15]	P. Cunha, P. d'Avenia, A. Pomponio and G. Siciliano, A multiplicity result for Chern-Simons-Schrödinger equation with a general nonlinearity, Nonlinear Differential Equations Appl., 22 (2015), 1831-1850. doi: 10.1007/s00030-015-0346-x.
[16]	D. G. de Figueiredo, O. H. Miyagaki and B. Ruf, Elliptic equations in $ \mathbb{R}^2$ with nonlinearities in the critical growth range, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 3 (1995), 139-153. doi: 10.1007/BF01205003.
[17]	M. de Souza and J. M. do Ó, A sharp Trudinger-Moser type inequality in $ \mathbb{R}^2$, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 366 (2014), 4513-4549. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-2014-05811-X.
[18]	Y. Deng, S. Peng and W. Shuai, Nodal standing waves for a gauged nonlinear Schrödinger equation in $ \mathbb{R}^2$, J. Differential Equations, 264 (2018), 4006-4035. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2017.12.003.
[19]	M. Dong and G. Lu, Best constants and existence of maximizers for weighted Trudinger-Moser inequalities, Calc. Var. Partical Differential Equations, 55 (2016), Art. 88, 26 pp. doi: 10.1007/s00526-016-1014-7.
[20]	J. M. do Ó, N-Laplacian equations in $ \mathbb{R}^N$ with critical growth, Abstr. Appl. Anal., 2 (1997), 301-315. doi: 10.1155/S1085337597000419.
[21]	J. M. do Ó, E. Medeiros and U. Severo, A nonhomogeneous elliptic problem involving critical growth in dimension two, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 345 (2008), 286-304. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2008.03.074.
[22]	J. M. do Ó, E. Medeiros and U. Severo, On a quasilinear nonhomogeneous elliptic equation with critical growth in $ \mathbb{R}^n$, J. Differential Equations, 246 (2009), 1363-1386. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2008.11.020.
[23]	G. Dunne, Self-Dual Chern-Simons Theories, Springer, 1995. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-44777-1.
[24]	I. Ekeland, Nonconvex minimization problems, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 1 (1979), 443-474. doi: 10.1090/S0273-0979-1979-14595-6.
[25]	H. Huh, Blow-up solutions of the Chern-Simons-Schrödinger equations, Nonlinearity, 22 (2009), 967-974. doi: 10.1088/0951-7715/22/5/003.
[26]	R. Jackiw and S. Pi, Classical and quantal nonrelativistic Chern-Simons theory, Phys. Rev. D, 42 (1990), 3500-3513. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.42.3500.
[27]	R. Jackiw and S. Pi, Self-dual Chern-Simons solitons, Progr. Theoret. Phys. Suppl., 107 (1992), 1-40. doi: 10.1143/PTPS.107.1.
[28]	C. Ji and F. Fang, Standing waves for the Chern-Simons-Schrödinger equation with critical exponential growth, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 450 (2017), 578-591. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2017.01.065.
[29]	Y. Jiang, A. Pomponio and D. Ruiz, Standing waves for a gauged nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a vortex point, Commun. Contemp. Math., 18 (2016), 1550074, 20 pp. doi: 10.1142/S0219199715500741.
[30]	R. Kajikiya, A critical point theorem related to the symmetric mountain pass lemma and its applications to elliptic equations, J. Funct. Anal., 225 (2005), 352-370. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2005.04.005.
[31]	M. A. Krasnoselski$\mathop {\rm{i}}\limits^ \vee $, Topological Methods in the Theory of Nonlinear Integral Equations, Gosudarstv. Izdat. Tehn.-Teor. Lit., Moscow, 1956.
[32]	N. Lam and G. Lu, Existence and multiplicity of solutions to equations of $N$-Laplacian type with critical exponential growth in $ \mathbb{R}^N$, J. Funct. Anal., 262 (2012), 1132-1165. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2011.10.012.
[33]	Y. Li and B. Ruf, A sharp Trudinger-Moser type inequality for unbounded domains in $\mathbb{R}^{N}$, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 57 (2008), 451-480. doi: 10.1512/iumj.2008.57.3137.
[34]	P. L. Lions, The concentration-compactness principle in the calculus of variations. The limit case. Ⅰ, Rev. Mat. Iberoam, 1 (1985), 145-201. doi: 10.4171/RMI/6.
[35]	J. Moser, A sharp form of an inequality by N. Trudinger, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 20 (1970/1971), 1077-1092. doi: 10.1512/iumj.1971.20.20101.
[36]	S. I. Pohozaev, The Sobolev embedding in the case $pl = n$, In: Proc. Tech. Sci. Conf. on Adv. Sci., Research, 1964–1965; Math. Section, Moscow, (1965), 158–170.
[37]	A. Pomponio and D. Ruiz, A variational analysis of a gauged nonlinear Schrödinger equation, J. Eur. Math. Soc., 17 (2015), 1463-1486. doi: 10.4171/JEMS/535.
[38]	A. Pomponio and D. Ruiz, Boundary concentration of a gauged nonlinear Schrödinger equation on large balls, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 53 (2015), 289-316. doi: 10.1007/s00526-014-0749-2.
[39]	P. H. Rabinowitz, Minimax Methods in Critical Point Theory with Applications to Differential Equations, In: CBMS Regional Conference Series in Mathematics, vol. 65, AMS, Providence RI, 1986. doi: 10.1090/cbms/065.
[40]	B. Ruf, A sharp Trudinger-Moser type inequality for unbounded domains in $ \mathbb{R}^2$, J. Funct. Anal., 219 (2005), 340-367. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2004.06.013.
[41]	W. A. Strauss, Existence of solitary waves in higher dimensions, Commun. Math. Phys., 55 (1977), 149-162. doi: 10.1007/BF01626517.
[42]	J. Su, Z.-Q. Wang and M. Willem, Nonlinear Schrödinger equations with unbounded and decaying radial potentials, Commun. Contemp. Math., 9 (2007), 571-583. doi: 10.1142/S021919970700254X.
[43]	N. S. Trudinger, On imbeddings into Orlicz spaces and some applications, J. Math. Mech., 17 (1967), 473-484. doi: 10.1512/iumj.1968.17.17028.
[44]	M. Willem, Minimax Theorems, Birkhäuser, Boston, 1996. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4146-1.
[45]	Y. Yang and X. Zhu, Blow-up analysis concerning singular Trudinger-Moser inequalities in dimension two, J. Funct. Anal., 272 (2017), 3347-3374. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2016.12.028.

show all references

References:

[1]	Ad imurthi and S. L. Yadava, Multiplicity results for semilinear elliptic equations in bounded domain of $\mathbb{R}^{2}$ involving critical exponent, Ann. Sc. Norm. Super. Pisa, 17 (1990), 481-504.
[2]	Ad imurthi and Y. Yang, An interpolation of Hardy inequality and Trudinger-Moser inequality in $ \mathbb{R}^N$ and its applications, Int. Math. Res. Not. IMRN, 2010 (2010), 2394-2426. doi: 10.1093/imrn/rnp194.
[3]	F. S. B. Albuquerque, J. L. Carvalho, G. M. Figueiredo and E. S. Medeiros, On a planar non-autonomous Schrödinger-Poisson system involving exponential critical growth, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 60 (2021), Paper No. 40, 30 pp. doi: 10.1007/s00526-020-01902-6.
[4]	F. S. B. Albuquerque, M. C. Ferreira and U. B. Severo, Ground state solutions for a nonlocal equation in $ \mathbb{R}^2$ involving vanishing potentials and exponential critical growth, Milan J. Math., 89 (2021), 263-294. doi: 10.1007/s00032-021-00334-x.
[5]	C. O. Alves, M. A. Souto and M. Montenegro, Existence of a ground state solution for a nonlinear scalar field equation with critical growth, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 43 (2012), 537-554. doi: 10.1007/s00526-011-0422-y.
[6]	J. G. Azorero and I. P. Alonso, Multiplicity of solutions for elliptic problems with critical exponent or with a nonsymmetric term, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 323 (1991), 877-895. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-1991-1083144-2.
[7]	A. Azzollini and A. Pomponio, Positive energy static solutions for the Chern-Simons-Schrödinger system under a large-distance fall-off requirement on the gauge potentials, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 60 (2021), Paper No. 165, 30 pp. doi: 10.1007/s00526-021-02031-4.
[8]	H. Berestycki, T. Gallouët and O. Kavian, Équations de champs scalaires euclidiens non linéaires dans le plan, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. I Math., 297 (1983), 307-310.
[9]	H. Berestycki and P. L. Lions, Nonlinear scalar field equations. Ⅰ. Existence of a ground state, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., 82 (1983), 313-345. doi: 10.1007/BF00250555.
[10]	H. Berestycki and P. L. Lions, Nonlinear scalar field equations. Ⅱ. Existence of infinitely many solutions, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., 82 (1983), 347-375. doi: 10.1007/BF00250556.
[11]	L. Bergé, A. de Bouard and J. C. Saut, Blowing up time-dependent solutions of the planar Chern-Simons gauged nonlinear Schrödinger equation, Nonlinearity, 8 (1995), 235-253. doi: 10.1088/0951-7715/8/2/007.
[12]	J. Byeon, H. Huh and J. Seok, Standing waves of nonlinear Schrödinger equations with the gauge field, J. Funct. Anal., 263 (2012), 1575-1608. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2012.05.024.
[13]	J. Byeon, H. Huh and J. Seok, On standing waves with a vortex point of order N for the nonlinear Chern-Simons-Schrödinger equations, J. Differential Equations, 261 (2016), 1285-1316. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2016.04.004.
[14]	D. Cao, Nontrivial solution of semilinear elliptic equation with critical exponent in $ \mathbb{R}^2$, Commun. Partial Differential Equations, 17 (1992), 407-435. doi: 10.1080/03605309208820848.
[15]	P. Cunha, P. d'Avenia, A. Pomponio and G. Siciliano, A multiplicity result for Chern-Simons-Schrödinger equation with a general nonlinearity, Nonlinear Differential Equations Appl., 22 (2015), 1831-1850. doi: 10.1007/s00030-015-0346-x.
[16]	D. G. de Figueiredo, O. H. Miyagaki and B. Ruf, Elliptic equations in $ \mathbb{R}^2$ with nonlinearities in the critical growth range, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 3 (1995), 139-153. doi: 10.1007/BF01205003.
[17]	M. de Souza and J. M. do Ó, A sharp Trudinger-Moser type inequality in $ \mathbb{R}^2$, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 366 (2014), 4513-4549. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-2014-05811-X.
[18]	Y. Deng, S. Peng and W. Shuai, Nodal standing waves for a gauged nonlinear Schrödinger equation in $ \mathbb{R}^2$, J. Differential Equations, 264 (2018), 4006-4035. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2017.12.003.
[19]	M. Dong and G. Lu, Best constants and existence of maximizers for weighted Trudinger-Moser inequalities, Calc. Var. Partical Differential Equations, 55 (2016), Art. 88, 26 pp. doi: 10.1007/s00526-016-1014-7.
[20]	J. M. do Ó, N-Laplacian equations in $ \mathbb{R}^N$ with critical growth, Abstr. Appl. Anal., 2 (1997), 301-315. doi: 10.1155/S1085337597000419.
[21]	J. M. do Ó, E. Medeiros and U. Severo, A nonhomogeneous elliptic problem involving critical growth in dimension two, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 345 (2008), 286-304. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2008.03.074.
[22]	J. M. do Ó, E. Medeiros and U. Severo, On a quasilinear nonhomogeneous elliptic equation with critical growth in $ \mathbb{R}^n$, J. Differential Equations, 246 (2009), 1363-1386. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2008.11.020.
[23]	G. Dunne, Self-Dual Chern-Simons Theories, Springer, 1995. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-44777-1.
[24]	I. Ekeland, Nonconvex minimization problems, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 1 (1979), 443-474. doi: 10.1090/S0273-0979-1979-14595-6.
[25]	H. Huh, Blow-up solutions of the Chern-Simons-Schrödinger equations, Nonlinearity, 22 (2009), 967-974. doi: 10.1088/0951-7715/22/5/003.
[26]	R. Jackiw and S. Pi, Classical and quantal nonrelativistic Chern-Simons theory, Phys. Rev. D, 42 (1990), 3500-3513. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.42.3500.
[27]	R. Jackiw and S. Pi, Self-dual Chern-Simons solitons, Progr. Theoret. Phys. Suppl., 107 (1992), 1-40. doi: 10.1143/PTPS.107.1.
[28]	C. Ji and F. Fang, Standing waves for the Chern-Simons-Schrödinger equation with critical exponential growth, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 450 (2017), 578-591. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2017.01.065.
[29]	Y. Jiang, A. Pomponio and D. Ruiz, Standing waves for a gauged nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a vortex point, Commun. Contemp. Math., 18 (2016), 1550074, 20 pp. doi: 10.1142/S0219199715500741.
[30]	R. Kajikiya, A critical point theorem related to the symmetric mountain pass lemma and its applications to elliptic equations, J. Funct. Anal., 225 (2005), 352-370. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2005.04.005.
[31]	M. A. Krasnoselski$\mathop {\rm{i}}\limits^ \vee $, Topological Methods in the Theory of Nonlinear Integral Equations, Gosudarstv. Izdat. Tehn.-Teor. Lit., Moscow, 1956.
[32]	N. Lam and G. Lu, Existence and multiplicity of solutions to equations of $N$-Laplacian type with critical exponential growth in $ \mathbb{R}^N$, J. Funct. Anal., 262 (2012), 1132-1165. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2011.10.012.
[33]	Y. Li and B. Ruf, A sharp Trudinger-Moser type inequality for unbounded domains in $\mathbb{R}^{N}$, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 57 (2008), 451-480. doi: 10.1512/iumj.2008.57.3137.
[34]	P. L. Lions, The concentration-compactness principle in the calculus of variations. The limit case. Ⅰ, Rev. Mat. Iberoam, 1 (1985), 145-201. doi: 10.4171/RMI/6.
[35]	J. Moser, A sharp form of an inequality by N. Trudinger, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 20 (1970/1971), 1077-1092. doi: 10.1512/iumj.1971.20.20101.
[36]	S. I. Pohozaev, The Sobolev embedding in the case $pl = n$, In: Proc. Tech. Sci. Conf. on Adv. Sci., Research, 1964–1965; Math. Section, Moscow, (1965), 158–170.
[37]	A. Pomponio and D. Ruiz, A variational analysis of a gauged nonlinear Schrödinger equation, J. Eur. Math. Soc., 17 (2015), 1463-1486. doi: 10.4171/JEMS/535.
[38]	A. Pomponio and D. Ruiz, Boundary concentration of a gauged nonlinear Schrödinger equation on large balls, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 53 (2015), 289-316. doi: 10.1007/s00526-014-0749-2.
[39]	P. H. Rabinowitz, Minimax Methods in Critical Point Theory with Applications to Differential Equations, In: CBMS Regional Conference Series in Mathematics, vol. 65, AMS, Providence RI, 1986. doi: 10.1090/cbms/065.
[40]	B. Ruf, A sharp Trudinger-Moser type inequality for unbounded domains in $ \mathbb{R}^2$, J. Funct. Anal., 219 (2005), 340-367. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2004.06.013.
[41]	W. A. Strauss, Existence of solitary waves in higher dimensions, Commun. Math. Phys., 55 (1977), 149-162. doi: 10.1007/BF01626517.
[42]	J. Su, Z.-Q. Wang and M. Willem, Nonlinear Schrödinger equations with unbounded and decaying radial potentials, Commun. Contemp. Math., 9 (2007), 571-583. doi: 10.1142/S021919970700254X.
[43]	N. S. Trudinger, On imbeddings into Orlicz spaces and some applications, J. Math. Mech., 17 (1967), 473-484. doi: 10.1512/iumj.1968.17.17028.
[44]	M. Willem, Minimax Theorems, Birkhäuser, Boston, 1996. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4146-1.
[45]	Y. Yang and X. Zhu, Blow-up analysis concerning singular Trudinger-Moser inequalities in dimension two, J. Funct. Anal., 272 (2017), 3347-3374. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2016.12.028.

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American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

Critical gauged Schrödinger equations in $ \mathbb{R}^2 $ with vanishing potentials

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American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

Critical gauged Schrödinger equations in $ \mathbb{R}^2 $ with vanishing potentials

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