Lyapunov stability for conservative systems with lower degrees of freedom

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Preface

September 2011, 16(2): 423-443. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2011.16.423

Lyapunov stability for conservative systems with lower degrees of freedom

Jifeng Chu ^1, , Jinzhi Lei ^2, and Meirong Zhang ^3,

1.	Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
2.	Zhou Pei-Yuan Center for Applied Mathematics, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084
3.	Department of Mathematical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084

Received February 2010 Revised October 2010 Published June 2011

Abstract
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It is a central theme to study the Lyapunov stability of periodic solutions of nonlinear differential equations or systems. For dissipative systems, the Lyapunov direct method is an important tool to study the stability. However, this method is not applicable to conservative systems such as Lagrangian equations and Hamiltonian systems. In the last decade, a method that is now known as the 'third order approximation' has been developed by Ortega, and has been applied to particular types of conservative systems including time periodic scalar Lagrangian equations (Ortega, J. Differential Equations, 128(1996), 491-518). This method is based on Moser's twist theorem, a prototype of the KAM theory. Latter, the twist coefficients were re-explained by Zhang in 2003 through the unique positive periodic solutions of the Ermakov-Pinney equation that is associated to the first order approximation (Zhang, J. London Math. Soc., 67(2003), 137-148). After that, Zhang and his collaborators have obtained some important twist criteria and applied the results to some interesting examples of time periodic scalar Lagrangian equations and planar Hamiltonian systems. In this survey, we will introduce the fundamental ideas in these works and will review recent progresses in this field, including applications to examples such as swing, the (relativistic) pendulum and singular equations. Some unsolved problems will be imposed for future study.

Keywords: planar Hamiltonian system, Ermakov-Pinney equation, twist coefficient., Hill equation, Lyapunov stability, periodic solution, Lagrangian equation.

Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 37J25; Secondary: 34D20, 37E40, 34C2.

Citation: Jifeng Chu, Jinzhi Lei, Meirong Zhang. Lyapunov stability for conservative systems with lower degrees of freedom. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2011, 16 (2) : 423-443. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2011.16.423

References:

[1]	J. Chu, "Stability of Periodic Solutions of Lagrange Equations and Planar Hamiltonian Systems," PhD Thesis, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 2008.
[2]	J. Chu, J. Lei and M. Zhang, The stability of the equilibrium of a nonlinear planar system and application to the relativistic oscillator, J. Differential Equations, 247 (2009), 530-542. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2008.11.013.
[3]	J. Chu and M. Li, Twist periodic solutions of second order singular differential equations, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 355 (2009), 830-838. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2009.02.033.
[4]	J. Chu and T. Xia, The Lyapunov stability for the linear and nonlinear damped oscillator with time-periodic parameters, Abstr. Appl. Anal., 2010 (2010), Art. ID 286040, 12 pp.
[5]	J. Chu and M. Zhang, Rotation numbers and Lyapunov stability of elliptic periodic solutions, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. A, 21 (2008), 1071-1094. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2008.21.1071.
[6]	H. Feng and M. Zhang, Optimal estimates on rotation number of almost periodic systems, Z. Angew. Math. Phys., 57 (2006), 183-204. doi: 10.1007/s00033-005-0020-y.
[7]	A. Fonda and A. J. Ureña, Periodic, subharmonic, and quasi-periodic oscillations under the action of a central force, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. A, 29 (2011), 169-192. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2011.29.169.
[8]	J. K. Hale, "Ordinary Differential Equations," 2nd Edition, Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co., New York, 1980.
[9]	M. G. Krein, On certain problems on the maximum and minimum of characteristic values and on the Lyapunov zones of stability, AMS Translations, Ser. 2, 1 (1955), 163-187.
[10]	J. Lei, X. Li, P. Yan and M. Zhang, Twist character of the least amplitude periodic solution of the forced pendulum, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 35 (2003), 844-867. doi: 10.1137/S003614100241037X.
[11]	J. Lei and P. J. Torres, $L^1$ criteria for stability of periodic solutions of a newtonian equation, Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc., 140 (2006), 359-368. doi: 10.1017/S0305004105008959.
[12]	J. Lei, P. J. Torres and M. Zhang, Twist character of the fourth order resonant periodic solution, J. Dynam. Differential Equations, 17 (2005), 21-50. doi: 10.1007/s10884-005-2937-4.
[13]	J. Lei and M. Zhang, Twist property of periodic motion of an atom near a charged wire, Lett. Math. Phys., 60 (2002), 9-17. doi: 10.1023/A:1015797310039.
[14]	B. Liu, The stability of the equilibrium of a conservative system, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 202 (1996), 133-149. doi: 10.1006/jmaa.1996.0307.
[15]	B. Liu, The stability of the equilibrium of reversible system, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 351 (1999), 515-531. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-99-01965-0.
[16]	B. Liu, The stability of the equilibrium of planar Hamiltonian and reversible system, J. Dynam. Differential Equations, 18 (2006), 975-990. doi: 10.1007/s10884-006-9027-0.
[17]	B. Liu, The stability of equilibrium of quasi-periodic planar Hamiltonian and reversible systems, Sci. China Math., 53 (2010), 125-136. doi: 10.1007/s11425-009-0117-4.
[18]	Q. Liu, D. Qian and Z. Wang, The stability of the equilibrium of the damped oscillator with damping changing sign, Nonlinear Anal., 73 (2010), 2071-2077. doi: 10.1016/j.na.2010.05.035.
[19]	J. Llibre and R. Ortega, On the families of periodic orbits of the Sitnikov problem, SIAM J. Appl. Dynam. Syst., 7 (2008), 561-576. doi: 10.1137/070695253.
[20]	W. Magnus and S. Winkler, "Hill's Equation," Dover, New York, 1979.
[21]	D. Núñez, The method of lower and upper solutions and the stability of periodic oscillations, Nonlinear Anal., 51 (2002), 1207-1222. doi: 10.1016/S0362-546X(01)00888-4.
[22]	D. Núñez and R. Ortega, Parabolic fixed points and stability criteria for nonlinear Hill's equation, Z. Angew. Math. Phys., 51 (2000), 890-911.
[23]	D. Núñez and P. J. Torres, KAM dynamics and stabilization of a particle sliding over a periodically driven curve, Appl. Math. Lett., 20 (2007), 610-615. doi: 10.1016/j.aml.2006.05.023.
[24]	D. Núñez and P. J. Torres, Stabilization by vertical vibrations, Math. Meth. Appl. Sci., 32 (2009), 1118-1128. doi: 10.1002/mma.1082.
[25]	D. Núñez and P. J. Torres, On the motion of an oscillator with a periodically time-varying mass, Nonlinear Anal. Real World Appl., 10 (2009), 1976-1983. doi: 10.1016/j.nonrwa.2008.03.003.
[26]	R. Ortega, The twist coefficient of periodic solutions of a time-dependent Newton's equation, J. Dynam. Differential Equations, 4 (1992), 651-665. doi: 10.1007/BF01048263.
[27]	R. Ortega, The stability of equilibrium of a nonlinear Hill's equation, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 25 (1994), 1393-1401. doi: 10.1137/S003614109223920X.
[28]	R. Ortega, Periodic solution of a Newtonian equation: Stability by the third approximation, J. Differential Equations, 128 (1996), 491-518. doi: 10.1006/jdeq.1996.0103.
[29]	R. Ortega, The stability of the equilibrium: a search for the right approximation, in "Ten Mathematical Essays on Approximation in Analysis and Topology," pp. 215-234, Elsevier B. V., Amsterdam, 2005.
[30]	R. Ortega and M. Zhang, Optimal bounds for bifurcation values of a superlinear periodic problem, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh Sect. A, 135 (2005), 119-132. doi: 10.1017/S0308210500003796.
[31]	C. Siegel and J. Moser, "Lectures on Celestial Mechanics," Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1971.
[32]	C. Simo, Stability of degenerate fixed points of analytic area preserving mappings, Astérisque, 98-99 (1982), 184-194.
[33]	P. J. Torres, Twist solutions of a Hill's equations with singular term, Adv. Nonlinear Stud., 2 (2002), 279-287.
[34]	P. J. Torres, Existence and stability of periodic solutions for second order semilinear differential equations with a singular nonlinearity, Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh Sect. A, 137 (2007), 195-201.
[35]	P. J. Torres and M. Zhang, Twist periodic solutions of repulsive singular equations, Nonlinear Anal., 56 (2004), 591-599. doi: 10.1016/j.na.2003.10.005.
[36]	X. Wang, Stability criteria for linear periodic Hamiltonian systems, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 367 (2010), 329-336. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2010.01.027.
[37]	J. R. Ward, Asymptotic conditions for periodic solutions of ordinary differential equations, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 81 (1981), 415-420. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-1981-0597653-2.
[38]	M. Zhang, The best bound on the rotations in the stability of periodic solutions of a Newtonian equation, J. London Math. Soc., 67 (2003), 137-148. doi: 10.1112/S0024610702003939.
[39]	M. Zhang, Periodic solutions of equations of Emarkov-Pinney type, Adv. Nonlinear Stud., 6 (2006), 57-67.
[40]	M. Zhang, Sobolev inequalities and ellipticity of planar linear Hamiltonian systems, Adv. Nonlinear Stud., 8 (2008), 633-654.
[41]	M. Zhang, J. Chu and X. Li, Lyapunov stability of periodic solutions of the quadratic Newtonian equation, Math. Nachr., 282 (2009), 1354-1366. doi: 10.1002/mana.200610799.
[42]	M. Zhang and W. Li, A Lyapunov-type stability criterion using $L^\alpha$ norms, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 130 (2002), 3325-3333. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-02-06462-6.

show all references

References:

[1]	J. Chu, "Stability of Periodic Solutions of Lagrange Equations and Planar Hamiltonian Systems," PhD Thesis, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 2008.
[2]	J. Chu, J. Lei and M. Zhang, The stability of the equilibrium of a nonlinear planar system and application to the relativistic oscillator, J. Differential Equations, 247 (2009), 530-542. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2008.11.013.
[3]	J. Chu and M. Li, Twist periodic solutions of second order singular differential equations, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 355 (2009), 830-838. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2009.02.033.
[4]	J. Chu and T. Xia, The Lyapunov stability for the linear and nonlinear damped oscillator with time-periodic parameters, Abstr. Appl. Anal., 2010 (2010), Art. ID 286040, 12 pp.
[5]	J. Chu and M. Zhang, Rotation numbers and Lyapunov stability of elliptic periodic solutions, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. A, 21 (2008), 1071-1094. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2008.21.1071.
[6]	H. Feng and M. Zhang, Optimal estimates on rotation number of almost periodic systems, Z. Angew. Math. Phys., 57 (2006), 183-204. doi: 10.1007/s00033-005-0020-y.
[7]	A. Fonda and A. J. Ureña, Periodic, subharmonic, and quasi-periodic oscillations under the action of a central force, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. A, 29 (2011), 169-192. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2011.29.169.
[8]	J. K. Hale, "Ordinary Differential Equations," 2nd Edition, Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co., New York, 1980.
[9]	M. G. Krein, On certain problems on the maximum and minimum of characteristic values and on the Lyapunov zones of stability, AMS Translations, Ser. 2, 1 (1955), 163-187.
[10]	J. Lei, X. Li, P. Yan and M. Zhang, Twist character of the least amplitude periodic solution of the forced pendulum, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 35 (2003), 844-867. doi: 10.1137/S003614100241037X.
[11]	J. Lei and P. J. Torres, $L^1$ criteria for stability of periodic solutions of a newtonian equation, Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc., 140 (2006), 359-368. doi: 10.1017/S0305004105008959.
[12]	J. Lei, P. J. Torres and M. Zhang, Twist character of the fourth order resonant periodic solution, J. Dynam. Differential Equations, 17 (2005), 21-50. doi: 10.1007/s10884-005-2937-4.
[13]	J. Lei and M. Zhang, Twist property of periodic motion of an atom near a charged wire, Lett. Math. Phys., 60 (2002), 9-17. doi: 10.1023/A:1015797310039.
[14]	B. Liu, The stability of the equilibrium of a conservative system, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 202 (1996), 133-149. doi: 10.1006/jmaa.1996.0307.
[15]	B. Liu, The stability of the equilibrium of reversible system, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 351 (1999), 515-531. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-99-01965-0.
[16]	B. Liu, The stability of the equilibrium of planar Hamiltonian and reversible system, J. Dynam. Differential Equations, 18 (2006), 975-990. doi: 10.1007/s10884-006-9027-0.
[17]	B. Liu, The stability of equilibrium of quasi-periodic planar Hamiltonian and reversible systems, Sci. China Math., 53 (2010), 125-136. doi: 10.1007/s11425-009-0117-4.
[18]	Q. Liu, D. Qian and Z. Wang, The stability of the equilibrium of the damped oscillator with damping changing sign, Nonlinear Anal., 73 (2010), 2071-2077. doi: 10.1016/j.na.2010.05.035.
[19]	J. Llibre and R. Ortega, On the families of periodic orbits of the Sitnikov problem, SIAM J. Appl. Dynam. Syst., 7 (2008), 561-576. doi: 10.1137/070695253.
[20]	W. Magnus and S. Winkler, "Hill's Equation," Dover, New York, 1979.
[21]	D. Núñez, The method of lower and upper solutions and the stability of periodic oscillations, Nonlinear Anal., 51 (2002), 1207-1222. doi: 10.1016/S0362-546X(01)00888-4.
[22]	D. Núñez and R. Ortega, Parabolic fixed points and stability criteria for nonlinear Hill's equation, Z. Angew. Math. Phys., 51 (2000), 890-911.
[23]	D. Núñez and P. J. Torres, KAM dynamics and stabilization of a particle sliding over a periodically driven curve, Appl. Math. Lett., 20 (2007), 610-615. doi: 10.1016/j.aml.2006.05.023.
[24]	D. Núñez and P. J. Torres, Stabilization by vertical vibrations, Math. Meth. Appl. Sci., 32 (2009), 1118-1128. doi: 10.1002/mma.1082.
[25]	D. Núñez and P. J. Torres, On the motion of an oscillator with a periodically time-varying mass, Nonlinear Anal. Real World Appl., 10 (2009), 1976-1983. doi: 10.1016/j.nonrwa.2008.03.003.
[26]	R. Ortega, The twist coefficient of periodic solutions of a time-dependent Newton's equation, J. Dynam. Differential Equations, 4 (1992), 651-665. doi: 10.1007/BF01048263.
[27]	R. Ortega, The stability of equilibrium of a nonlinear Hill's equation, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 25 (1994), 1393-1401. doi: 10.1137/S003614109223920X.
[28]	R. Ortega, Periodic solution of a Newtonian equation: Stability by the third approximation, J. Differential Equations, 128 (1996), 491-518. doi: 10.1006/jdeq.1996.0103.
[29]	R. Ortega, The stability of the equilibrium: a search for the right approximation, in "Ten Mathematical Essays on Approximation in Analysis and Topology," pp. 215-234, Elsevier B. V., Amsterdam, 2005.
[30]	R. Ortega and M. Zhang, Optimal bounds for bifurcation values of a superlinear periodic problem, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh Sect. A, 135 (2005), 119-132. doi: 10.1017/S0308210500003796.
[31]	C. Siegel and J. Moser, "Lectures on Celestial Mechanics," Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1971.
[32]	C. Simo, Stability of degenerate fixed points of analytic area preserving mappings, Astérisque, 98-99 (1982), 184-194.
[33]	P. J. Torres, Twist solutions of a Hill's equations with singular term, Adv. Nonlinear Stud., 2 (2002), 279-287.
[34]	P. J. Torres, Existence and stability of periodic solutions for second order semilinear differential equations with a singular nonlinearity, Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh Sect. A, 137 (2007), 195-201.
[35]	P. J. Torres and M. Zhang, Twist periodic solutions of repulsive singular equations, Nonlinear Anal., 56 (2004), 591-599. doi: 10.1016/j.na.2003.10.005.
[36]	X. Wang, Stability criteria for linear periodic Hamiltonian systems, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 367 (2010), 329-336. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2010.01.027.
[37]	J. R. Ward, Asymptotic conditions for periodic solutions of ordinary differential equations, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 81 (1981), 415-420. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-1981-0597653-2.
[38]	M. Zhang, The best bound on the rotations in the stability of periodic solutions of a Newtonian equation, J. London Math. Soc., 67 (2003), 137-148. doi: 10.1112/S0024610702003939.
[39]	M. Zhang, Periodic solutions of equations of Emarkov-Pinney type, Adv. Nonlinear Stud., 6 (2006), 57-67.
[40]	M. Zhang, Sobolev inequalities and ellipticity of planar linear Hamiltonian systems, Adv. Nonlinear Stud., 8 (2008), 633-654.
[41]	M. Zhang, J. Chu and X. Li, Lyapunov stability of periodic solutions of the quadratic Newtonian equation, Math. Nachr., 282 (2009), 1354-1366. doi: 10.1002/mana.200610799.
[42]	M. Zhang and W. Li, A Lyapunov-type stability criterion using $L^\alpha$ norms, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 130 (2002), 3325-3333. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-02-06462-6.

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