# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

September  2016, 21(7): 2091-2107. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2016038

## Singular fold with real noise

 1 Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 2 School of Mathematics and Statistics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China 3 Department of Mathematics, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, United States

Received  November 2015 Revised  January 2016 Published  August 2016

We study the effect of small real noise on the jump behavior near a singular fold point, which is an important step in understanding the burst-spike behavior in many biological models. We show by the theory of center manifolds and random invariant manifolds that if the order of the noise is high enough, trajectories essentially pass the fold point in the manner as though there is no noise.
Citation: Peter W. Bates, Ji Li, Mingji Zhang. Singular fold with real noise. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2016, 21 (7) : 2091-2107. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2016038
##### References:
 [1] L. Arnold, Random Dynamical Systems, Springer, New York, 1998. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-12878-7. [2] N. Berglund and B. Gentz, Noise-Induced Phenomena in Slow-fast Dynamical Systems. A Sample-Paths Approach, Probab. Appl., Springer, London, 2006. [3] P. Bates, J. Li and K. Lu, Normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds for random dynamical systems, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 365 (2013), 5933-5966. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-2013-05825-4. [4] P. Bates, J. Li and K. Lu, Invariant foliations for random dynamical systems, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 34 (2014), 3639-3666. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2014.34.3639. [5] P. Bates, J. Li and K. Lu, Geometric singular perturbation theory with real noise, J. Differential Equations, 259 (2015), 5137-5167. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2015.06.023. [6] F. Dumortier and R. Roussarie, Canard cycles and center manifolds, Mem. Amer. Math. Soc., 121 (1996), x+100 pp. doi: 10.1090/memo/0577. [7] N. Fenichel, Geometric singular perturbation theory for ordinary differential equations, J. Differential Equations, 31 (1979), 53-98. doi: 10.1016/0022-0396(79)90152-9. [8] M. Krupa and P. Szmolyan, Extending singular perturbation theory to nonhyperbolic points-fold and canard points in two dimensions, SIAM J. Math. Analysis, 33 (2001), 286-314. doi: 10.1137/S0036141099360919. [9] K. Lu and Q.-D. Wang, Chaos in differential equations driven by a nonautonomous force, Nonlinearity, 23 (2010), 2935-2975. doi: 10.1088/0951-7715/23/11/012. [10] E. F. Mishchenko and N. Kh. Rozov, Differential Equations with Small Parameters and Relaxation Oscillations, Plenum Press, New York, 1980. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9047-7. [11] P. Szmolyan and M. Wechselberger, Relaxation oscillation in $R^3$, J. Differential Equations, 200 (2004), 69-104. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2003.09.010. [12] D. Terman, The transition from bursting to continuous spiking in an excitable membrane model, J. Nonlinear Sci., 2 (1992), 133-182. doi: 10.1007/BF02429854. [13] D. Terman, Chaotic spikes arising from a model of bursting in excitable membranes, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 51 (1991), 1418-1450. doi: 10.1137/0151071.

show all references

##### References:
 [1] L. Arnold, Random Dynamical Systems, Springer, New York, 1998. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-12878-7. [2] N. Berglund and B. Gentz, Noise-Induced Phenomena in Slow-fast Dynamical Systems. A Sample-Paths Approach, Probab. Appl., Springer, London, 2006. [3] P. Bates, J. Li and K. Lu, Normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds for random dynamical systems, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 365 (2013), 5933-5966. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-2013-05825-4. [4] P. Bates, J. Li and K. Lu, Invariant foliations for random dynamical systems, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 34 (2014), 3639-3666. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2014.34.3639. [5] P. Bates, J. Li and K. Lu, Geometric singular perturbation theory with real noise, J. Differential Equations, 259 (2015), 5137-5167. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2015.06.023. [6] F. Dumortier and R. Roussarie, Canard cycles and center manifolds, Mem. Amer. Math. Soc., 121 (1996), x+100 pp. doi: 10.1090/memo/0577. [7] N. Fenichel, Geometric singular perturbation theory for ordinary differential equations, J. Differential Equations, 31 (1979), 53-98. doi: 10.1016/0022-0396(79)90152-9. [8] M. Krupa and P. Szmolyan, Extending singular perturbation theory to nonhyperbolic points-fold and canard points in two dimensions, SIAM J. Math. Analysis, 33 (2001), 286-314. doi: 10.1137/S0036141099360919. [9] K. Lu and Q.-D. Wang, Chaos in differential equations driven by a nonautonomous force, Nonlinearity, 23 (2010), 2935-2975. doi: 10.1088/0951-7715/23/11/012. [10] E. F. Mishchenko and N. Kh. Rozov, Differential Equations with Small Parameters and Relaxation Oscillations, Plenum Press, New York, 1980. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9047-7. [11] P. Szmolyan and M. Wechselberger, Relaxation oscillation in $R^3$, J. Differential Equations, 200 (2004), 69-104. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2003.09.010. [12] D. Terman, The transition from bursting to continuous spiking in an excitable membrane model, J. Nonlinear Sci., 2 (1992), 133-182. doi: 10.1007/BF02429854. [13] D. Terman, Chaotic spikes arising from a model of bursting in excitable membranes, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 51 (1991), 1418-1450. doi: 10.1137/0151071.
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