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January  2020, 25(1): 117-139. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2019175

Stochastic partial differential equation models for spatially dependent predator-prey equations

Nhu N. Nguyen and  George Yin

Department of Mathematics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA

Received  November 2018 Revised  March 2019 Published  July 2019

Fund Project: This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant DMS-1710827.

Stemming from the stochastic Lotka-Volterra or predator-prey equations, this work aims to model the spatial inhomogeneity by using stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs). Compared to the classical models, the SPDE models are more versatile. To incorporate more qualitative features of the ratio-dependent models, the Beddington-DeAngelis functional response is also used. To analyze the systems under consideration, first existence and uniqueness of solutions of the SPDEs are obtained using the notion of mild solutions. Then sufficient conditions for permanence and extinction are derived.

Keywords: Predator-prey model, SPDE, mild solution, positivity, extinction, permanence.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 60H15, 92D25, 92D40, 35Q92.
Citation: Nhu N. Nguyen, George Yin. Stochastic partial differential equation models for spatially dependent predator-prey equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2020, 25 (1) : 117-139. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2019175
References:
[1]

P. Acquistapace and B. Terreni, On the abstract nonautonomous parabolic Cauchy problem in the case of constant domains, Ann. Mat. Pura Appl., 140 (1985), 1-55.  doi: 10.1007/BF01776844.  Google Scholar

[2]

S. Ai, Y. Du and R. Peng, Traveling waves for a generalized Holling-Tanner predator-prey model, J. Differential Eqs., 263 (2017), 7782-7814.  doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2017.08.021.  Google Scholar

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W. Arendt, Semigroups and evolution equations: Functional calculus, regularity and kernel estimates, Evolutionary Equations, Handb. Differ. Equ., North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1 (2004), 1–85.  Google Scholar

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R. Arditi and L. R. Ginzburg, Coupling in predatorprey dynamics: Ratio-dependence, J. Theoret. Biol., 139 (1989), 311-326.   Google Scholar

[5]

J. R. Beddington, Mutual interference between parasites or predators and its effect on searching efficiency, J. Anim. Ecol., 44 (1975), 331-340.  doi: 10.2307/3866.  Google Scholar

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C. M. Carracedo and M. S. Alix, The Theory of Fractional Powers of Operators, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2001.  Google Scholar

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S. Cerrai, Second Order PDEs in Finite and Infinite Dimension. A Probabilistic Approach, , Lecture Notes in Mathematics Series 1762, Springer Verlag, 2001. doi: 10.1007/b80743.  Google Scholar

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S. Cerrai, Stochastic reaction-diffusion systems with multiplicative noise and non-Lipschitz reaction term, Probab. Theory Relat. Fields, 125 (2003), 271-304.  doi: 10.1007/s00440-002-0230-6.  Google Scholar

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R. F. Curtain and P. L. Falez, Itȏ's Lemma in infinite dimensions, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 31 (1970), 434-448.  doi: 10.1016/0022-247X(70)90037-5.  Google Scholar

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G. Da Prato and L. Tubaro, Some results on semilinear stochastic differential equations in Hilbert spaces, Stochastics, 15 (1985), 271-281.  doi: 10.1080/17442508508833360.  Google Scholar

[11] G. Da Prato and J. Zabczyk, Stochastic Equations in Infinite Dimensions, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1992.  doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511666223.  Google Scholar
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D. L. DeAngelis, R. A. Goldstein and R. V. ONeill, A model for trophic interaction, Ecology, 56 (1975), 881-892.   Google Scholar

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N.T. Dieu, N.H. Du, D.H. Nguyen and and G. Yin, Protection zones for survival of species in random environment, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 76 (2016), 1382-1402.  doi: 10.1137/15M1032004.  Google Scholar

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N. H. Du, N. H. Dang and G. Yin, Conditions for permanence and ergodicity of certain stochastic predator-prey models., J. Appl. Probab., 53 (2016), 187-202.  doi: 10.1017/jpr.2015.18.  Google Scholar

[16]

M. R. Garvie and C. Trenchea, Finite element approximation of spatially extended predator-prey interactions with the Holling type II functional response, Numer. Math., 107 (2007), 641-667.  doi: 10.1007/s00211-007-0106-x.  Google Scholar

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C. S. Holling, The components of predation as revealed by a study of small mammal predation of the European pine sawfly, Can. Entomologist, 91 (1959), 293-320.  doi: 10.4039/Ent91293-5.  Google Scholar

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K.-Y. Lam, Y. Lou and F. Lutscher, The emergence of range limits in advective environments, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 76 (2016), 641-662.  doi: 10.1137/15M1027887.  Google Scholar

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S. Li and J. Wu, Asymptotic behavior and stability of positive solutions to a spatially heterogeneous predator-prey system, J. Differential Equations, 265 (2018), 3754-3791.  doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2018.05.017.  Google Scholar

[20]

H. Y. Li and Y. Takeuchi, Dynamics of the density dependent predator-prey system with Beddington-DeAngelis functional response, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 374 (2011), 644-654.  doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2010.08.029.  Google Scholar

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K. Liu, R. Douglas, H. Brezis and A. Jeffrey, Stability of Infinite Dimensional Stochastic Differential Equations with Applications, Chapman and Hall/CRC, New York, 2005. Google Scholar

[22]

A. J. Lotka, Elements of Physical Biology, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1925. Google Scholar

[23]

Y. Lou and B. Wang, Local dynamics of a diffusive predator-prey model in spatially heterogeneous environment, J. Fixed Point Theory Appl., 19 (2017), 755-772.  doi: 10.1007/s11784-016-0372-2.  Google Scholar

[24]

C. Neuhauser and S. W. Pacala, An explicitly spatial version of the Lotka-Volterra model with interspecific competition, Ann. Appl. Probab., 9 (1999), 1226-1259.  doi: 10.1214/aoap/1029962871.  Google Scholar

[25]

D. H. Nguyen, N. N. Nguyen and G. Yin, Analysis of a spatially inhomogeneous stochastic partial differential equation epidemic model, submitted. Google Scholar

[26] E. M. Ouhabaz, Analysis of Heat Equations on Domains, London Mathematical Society Monographs Series, 31. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2005.   Google Scholar
[27]

G. Tessitore and J. Zabczyk, Strict positivity for stochastic heat equations, Stochastic Process. Appl., 77 (1998), 83-98.  doi: 10.1016/S0304-4149(98)00024-6.  Google Scholar

[28]

J. B. Walsh, An introduction to stochastic partial differential equations, École Dété de Probabilits de Saint-Flour, XIV-1984, volume 1180 of Lecture Notes in Math., pages 265–339. Springer, Berlin, 1986. doi: 10.1007/BFb0074920.  Google Scholar

[29]

M. Wang and Y. Zhang, Dynamics for a diffusive prey-predator model with different free boundaries, J. Differential Equations, 264 (2018), 3527-3558.  doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2017.11.027.  Google Scholar

[30]

A. Yagi, Abstract Parabolic Evolution Equations and their Applications, Springer-Verlga, Berlin, 2010. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-04631-5.  Google Scholar

show all references

References:
[1]

P. Acquistapace and B. Terreni, On the abstract nonautonomous parabolic Cauchy problem in the case of constant domains, Ann. Mat. Pura Appl., 140 (1985), 1-55.  doi: 10.1007/BF01776844.  Google Scholar

[2]

S. Ai, Y. Du and R. Peng, Traveling waves for a generalized Holling-Tanner predator-prey model, J. Differential Eqs., 263 (2017), 7782-7814.  doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2017.08.021.  Google Scholar

[3]

W. Arendt, Semigroups and evolution equations: Functional calculus, regularity and kernel estimates, Evolutionary Equations, Handb. Differ. Equ., North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1 (2004), 1–85.  Google Scholar

[4]

R. Arditi and L. R. Ginzburg, Coupling in predatorprey dynamics: Ratio-dependence, J. Theoret. Biol., 139 (1989), 311-326.   Google Scholar

[5]

J. R. Beddington, Mutual interference between parasites or predators and its effect on searching efficiency, J. Anim. Ecol., 44 (1975), 331-340.  doi: 10.2307/3866.  Google Scholar

[6]

C. M. Carracedo and M. S. Alix, The Theory of Fractional Powers of Operators, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2001.  Google Scholar

[7]

S. Cerrai, Second Order PDEs in Finite and Infinite Dimension. A Probabilistic Approach, , Lecture Notes in Mathematics Series 1762, Springer Verlag, 2001. doi: 10.1007/b80743.  Google Scholar

[8]

S. Cerrai, Stochastic reaction-diffusion systems with multiplicative noise and non-Lipschitz reaction term, Probab. Theory Relat. Fields, 125 (2003), 271-304.  doi: 10.1007/s00440-002-0230-6.  Google Scholar

[9]

R. F. Curtain and P. L. Falez, Itȏ's Lemma in infinite dimensions, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 31 (1970), 434-448.  doi: 10.1016/0022-247X(70)90037-5.  Google Scholar

[10]

G. Da Prato and L. Tubaro, Some results on semilinear stochastic differential equations in Hilbert spaces, Stochastics, 15 (1985), 271-281.  doi: 10.1080/17442508508833360.  Google Scholar

[11] G. Da Prato and J. Zabczyk, Stochastic Equations in Infinite Dimensions, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1992.  doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511666223.  Google Scholar
[12] E. B. Davies, Heat Kernels and Spectral Theory, Cambridge Tracts in Math. 92, Cambridge University Press, London, 1989.  doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511566158.  Google Scholar
[13]

D. L. DeAngelis, R. A. Goldstein and R. V. ONeill, A model for trophic interaction, Ecology, 56 (1975), 881-892.   Google Scholar

[14]

N.T. Dieu, N.H. Du, D.H. Nguyen and and G. Yin, Protection zones for survival of species in random environment, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 76 (2016), 1382-1402.  doi: 10.1137/15M1032004.  Google Scholar

[15]

N. H. Du, N. H. Dang and G. Yin, Conditions for permanence and ergodicity of certain stochastic predator-prey models., J. Appl. Probab., 53 (2016), 187-202.  doi: 10.1017/jpr.2015.18.  Google Scholar

[16]

M. R. Garvie and C. Trenchea, Finite element approximation of spatially extended predator-prey interactions with the Holling type II functional response, Numer. Math., 107 (2007), 641-667.  doi: 10.1007/s00211-007-0106-x.  Google Scholar

[17]

C. S. Holling, The components of predation as revealed by a study of small mammal predation of the European pine sawfly, Can. Entomologist, 91 (1959), 293-320.  doi: 10.4039/Ent91293-5.  Google Scholar

[18]

K.-Y. Lam, Y. Lou and F. Lutscher, The emergence of range limits in advective environments, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 76 (2016), 641-662.  doi: 10.1137/15M1027887.  Google Scholar

[19]

S. Li and J. Wu, Asymptotic behavior and stability of positive solutions to a spatially heterogeneous predator-prey system, J. Differential Equations, 265 (2018), 3754-3791.  doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2018.05.017.  Google Scholar

[20]

H. Y. Li and Y. Takeuchi, Dynamics of the density dependent predator-prey system with Beddington-DeAngelis functional response, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 374 (2011), 644-654.  doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2010.08.029.  Google Scholar

[21]

K. Liu, R. Douglas, H. Brezis and A. Jeffrey, Stability of Infinite Dimensional Stochastic Differential Equations with Applications, Chapman and Hall/CRC, New York, 2005. Google Scholar

[22]

A. J. Lotka, Elements of Physical Biology, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1925. Google Scholar

[23]

Y. Lou and B. Wang, Local dynamics of a diffusive predator-prey model in spatially heterogeneous environment, J. Fixed Point Theory Appl., 19 (2017), 755-772.  doi: 10.1007/s11784-016-0372-2.  Google Scholar

[24]

C. Neuhauser and S. W. Pacala, An explicitly spatial version of the Lotka-Volterra model with interspecific competition, Ann. Appl. Probab., 9 (1999), 1226-1259.  doi: 10.1214/aoap/1029962871.  Google Scholar

[25]

D. H. Nguyen, N. N. Nguyen and G. Yin, Analysis of a spatially inhomogeneous stochastic partial differential equation epidemic model, submitted. Google Scholar

[26] E. M. Ouhabaz, Analysis of Heat Equations on Domains, London Mathematical Society Monographs Series, 31. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2005.   Google Scholar
[27]

G. Tessitore and J. Zabczyk, Strict positivity for stochastic heat equations, Stochastic Process. Appl., 77 (1998), 83-98.  doi: 10.1016/S0304-4149(98)00024-6.  Google Scholar

[28]

J. B. Walsh, An introduction to stochastic partial differential equations, École Dété de Probabilits de Saint-Flour, XIV-1984, volume 1180 of Lecture Notes in Math., pages 265–339. Springer, Berlin, 1986. doi: 10.1007/BFb0074920.  Google Scholar

[29]

M. Wang and Y. Zhang, Dynamics for a diffusive prey-predator model with different free boundaries, J. Differential Equations, 264 (2018), 3527-3558.  doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2017.11.027.  Google Scholar

[30]

A. Yagi, Abstract Parabolic Evolution Equations and their Applications, Springer-Verlga, Berlin, 2010. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-04631-5.  Google Scholar

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