Null controllability for distributed systems with time-varying constraint and applications to parabolic-like equations

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August 2020, 25(8): 3275-3303. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020062

Null controllability for distributed systems with time-varying constraint and applications to parabolic-like equations

Larbi Berrahmoune

ANLIMAD, Département de Mathématiques, ENS, Université Mohammed V, BP 5118, Rabat, Morocco

Received January 2019 Revised August 2019 Published August 2020 Early access April 2020

We consider the null controllability problem fo linear systems of the form $ y'(t) = Ay(t)+Bu(t) $ on a Hilbert space $ Y $. We suppose that the control operator $ B $ is bounded from the control space $ U $ to a larger extrapolation space containing $ Y $. The control $ u $ is constrained to lie in a time-varying bounded subset $ \Gamma(t) \subset U $. From a general existence result based on a selection theorem, we obtain various properties on local and global constrained null controllability. The existence of the time optimal control is established in a general framework. When the constraint set $ \Gamma (t) $ contains the origin in its interior at each $ t>0 $, the local constrained property turns out to be equivalent to a weighted dual observability inequality of $ L^{1} $ type with respect to the time variable. We treat also the problem of determining a steering control for general constraint sets $ \Gamma (t) $ in nonsmooth convex analysis context. Applications to the heat equation are treated for distributed and boundary controls under the assumptions that $ \Gamma (t) $ is a closed ball centered at the origin and its radius is time-varying.

Keywords: Admissible control operator, time-varying constraint, null controllability, steering control, heat equation.

Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 93B05, 93C25; Secondary: 93C20.

Citation: Larbi Berrahmoune. Null controllability for distributed systems with time-varying constraint and applications to parabolic-like equations. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2020, 25 (8) : 3275-3303. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020062

References:

[1]	N. U. Ahmed, Finite-time null controllability for a class of linear evolution equations on a Banach space with control constraints, J. Optim. Theory Appl., 47 (1985), 129-158. doi: 10.1007/BF00940766.
[2]	J. Apraiz, L. Escauriaza, G. Wang and C. Zhang, Observability inequalities and measurable sets, J. Eur. Math. Soc. (JEMS), 16 (2014), 2433-2475. doi: 10.4171/JEMS/490.
[3]	J.-P. Aubin and I. Ekeland, Applied Nonlinear Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1984. doi: 10.1112/blms/17.5.487.
[4]	J.-P. Aubin and H. Frankowska, Set-Valued Analysis, Systems & Control: Foundations & Applications, 2, Birkhäuser Boston, Inc., Boston, MA, 1990.
[5]	L. Berrahmoune, A varational approach to constrained controllability for distributed systems, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 416 (2014), 805-823. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2014.03.004.
[6]	L. Berrahmoune, Constrained null controllability for distributed systems and applications to hyperbolic-like equations, ESAIM Control Optim. Calc. Var., 25 (2019), 40pp. doi: 10.1051/cocv/2018018.
[7]	C. Carthel, R. Glowinski and J.-L. Lions, On exact and approximate boundary controllability for the heat equation: A numerical approach, J. Optim. Theory Appl., 82 (1994), 429-484. doi: 10.1007/BF02192213.
[8]	N. Chen, Y. Wang and D.-H. Yang, Time-varying bang-bang property of time optimal controls for heat equation and its application, Systems Control Lett., 112 (2018), 18-23. doi: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2017.12.008.
[9]	F. Clarke, Functional Analysis, Calculus of Variations and Optimal Control, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 264, Springer, London, 2013. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4820-3.
[10]	R. F. Curtain and A. J. Pritchard, Infinite Dimensional Linear Systems Theory, Lecture Notes in Information Sciences, 8, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-New York, 1978. doi: 10.1007/BFb0006761.
[11]	S. Dolecki and D. L. Russell, A general theory of observation and control, SIAM J. Control Optim., 15 (1977), 185-220. doi: 10.1137/0315015.
[12]	I. Ekeland and R. Temam, Convex Analysis and Variational Problems, Studies in Mathematics and its Applications, 1, North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam-Oxford, 1976.
[13]	H. O. Fattorini, Infinite Dimensional Linear Control Systems. The Time Optimal and Norm Optimal Problems, North-Holland Mathematics Studies, 201, Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, 2005.
[14]	H. O. Fattorini, Time and norm optimal controls: A survey of recent results and open problems, Acta Math. Sci. Ser. B, 31 (2011), 2203-2218. doi: 10.1016/S0252-9602(11)60394-9.
[15]	R. Glowinski, J.-L. Lions and J. He, Exact and Approximate Controllability for Distributed Parameter Systems. A Numerical Approach, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, 117, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511721595.
[16]	E. B. Lee and L. Markus, Foundations of Optimal Control Theory, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York-London-Sydney, 1967.
[17]	J.-L. Lions, Optimal Control of Systems Governed by Partial Differential Equations, Springer-Verlag, New York-Berlin, 1971.
[18]	J.-L. Lions and E. Magenes, Problèmes aux Limites non Homogènes et Applications, 2, Dunod, Paris, 1968.
[19]	J. Lohéac, E. Trélat and E. Zuazua, Minimal controllability time for the heat equation under unilateral state or control constraints, Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci., 27 (2017), 1587-1644. doi: 10.1142/S0218202517500270.
[20]	J. Lohéac, E. Trélat and E. Zuazua, Minimal controllability time for finite-dimensional control systems under state constraints, Automatica J. IFAC, 96 (2018), 380-392. doi: 10.1016/j.automatica.2018.07.010.
[21]	D. Maity, M. Tucsnak and E. Zuazua, Controllability and positivity constraints in population dynamics with age structuring and diffusion, J. Math. Pures Appl. (9), 129 (2019), 153-179. doi: 10.1016/j.matpur.2018.12.006.
[22]	S. Micu, I. Roventa and M. Tucsnak, Time optimal boundary controls for the heat equation, J. Funct. Anal., 263 (2012), 25-49. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2012.04.009.
[23]	J. Mizel and T. I. Seidman, An abstract bang-bang principle and time-optimal boundary control of the heat equation, SIAM J. Control Optim., 35 (1997), 1204-1216. doi: 10.1137/S0363012996265470.
[24]	A. Münch and P. Pedregal, Numerical null controllability of the heat equation through a least squares and variational approach, European J. Appl. Math., 25 (2014), 277-306. doi: 10.1017/S0956792514000023.
[25]	A. Münch and E. Zuazua, Numerical approximation of null controls for the heat equation: Ill-posedness and remedies, Inverse Problems, 26 (2010), 39pp. doi: 10.1088/0266-5611/26/8/085018.
[26]	A. Pazy, Semigroups of Linear Operators and Applications to Partial Differential Equations, Applied Mathematical Sciences, 44, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1983. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5561-1.
[27]	G. Peichel and W. Schapacher, Constrained controllability in Banach spaces, Siam J. Control Optim., 24 (1986), 1261-1275. doi: 10.1137/0324076.
[28]	K. D. Phung and G. Wang, An observability estimate for parabolic equations from a measurable set in time and its applications, J. Eur. Math. Soc. (JEMS), 15 (2013), 681-703. doi: 10.4171/JEMS/371.
[29]	K. D. Phung, G. Wang and X. Zhang, On the existence of time optimal controls for linear evolution equations, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. B, 8 (2007), 925-941. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2007.8.925.
[30]	R. T. Rockafellar, Duality and stability in extremum problems involving convex function, Pacific J. Math., 21 (1967), 167-187. doi: 10.2140/pjm.1967.21.167.
[31]	R. T. Rockafellar, Conjugate Duality and Optimization, CBMS Regional Conference Series in Applied Mathematics, 16, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, PA, 1974. doi: 10.1137/1.9781611970524.
[32]	D. Salamon, Infinite dimensional systems with unbounded control and observation: A functional analytic approach, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 300 (1987), 383-431. doi: 10.2307/2000351.
[33]	T. Schanbacher, Aspects of positivity in control theory, SIAM J. Control Optim., 27 (1989), 457-475. doi: 10.1137/0327024.
[34]	G. Schmidt, The "bang-bang" principle for the time-optimal problem in boundary control of the heat equation, SIAM J. Control Optim., 18 (1980), 101-107. doi: 10.1137/0318008.
[35]	W. E. Schmittendorf and B. R. Barmish, Null controllability of linear systems with constrained controls, Siam J. Control Optim., 18 (1980), 327-345. doi: 10.1137/0318025.
[36]	C. Silva and E. Trélat, Smooth regularization of bang-bang optimal control problems, IEEE Trans. Automat. Control, 55 (2010), 2488-2499. doi: 10.1109/TAC.2010.2047742.
[37]	N. K. Son, Local controllability of linear systems with restrained controls in Banach space, Acta Math. Vietnam, 5 (1980), 78-87.
[38]	N. K. Son, A unified approach to constrained approximate controllability for the heat equations and the retarded equations, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 150 (1990), 1-19. doi: 10.1016/0022-247X(90)90192-I.
[39]	M. Tucsnak and G. Weiss, Observation and Control for Operator Semigroups, Birkhäuser Advanced Texts, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 2009. doi: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8994-9.
[40]	A. Vieru, On null controllability of linear systems in Banach spaces, Systems Control Lett., 54 (2005), 331-337. doi: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2004.09.004.
[41]	G. Wang, $L^{\infty}$-null controllability for the heat equation and its consequences for the time optimal control problem, SIAM J. Control Optim., 47 (2008), 1701-1720. doi: 10.1137/060678191.
[42]	G. Wang and Y. Xu, Equivalence of three different kinds of optimal control problems for heat equations and its applications, SIAM J. Control Optim., 51 (2013), 848-880. doi: 10.1137/110852449.
[43]	G. Wang and C. Zhang, Observability inequalities from measurable sets for some abstract evolution equations, SIAM J. Control Optim., 55 (2017), 1862-1886. doi: 10.1137/15M1051907.
[44]	G. Wang and Y. Zhang, Decompositions and bang-bang properties, Math. Control Relat. Fields, 7 (2017), 73-170. doi: 10.3934/mcrf.2017005.
[45]	G. Wang and G. Zheng, An approach to the optimal time for a time optimal control problem of an internally controlled heat equation, SIAM J. Control Optim., 50 (2012), 601-628. doi: 10.1137/100793645.
[46]	G. Wang and E. Zuazua, On the equivalence of minimal time and minimal norm controls for internally controlled heat equations, SIAM J. Control Optim., 50 (2012), 2938-2958. doi: 10.1137/110857398.
[47]	D. Washburn, A bound on the boundary input map for parabolic equations with applications to time-optimal control, SIAM J. Control Optim., 17 (1979), 652-671. doi: 10.1137/0317046.
[48]	G. Weiss, Admissibility of unbounded control operators, SIAM J. Control Optim., 27 (1989), 527-545. doi: 10.1137/0327028.
[49]	G. Weiss, Admissible observation operators for linear semigroups, Israel J. Math., 65 (1989), 17-43. doi: 10.1007/BF02788172.

show all references

References:

[1]	N. U. Ahmed, Finite-time null controllability for a class of linear evolution equations on a Banach space with control constraints, J. Optim. Theory Appl., 47 (1985), 129-158. doi: 10.1007/BF00940766.
[2]	J. Apraiz, L. Escauriaza, G. Wang and C. Zhang, Observability inequalities and measurable sets, J. Eur. Math. Soc. (JEMS), 16 (2014), 2433-2475. doi: 10.4171/JEMS/490.
[3]	J.-P. Aubin and I. Ekeland, Applied Nonlinear Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1984. doi: 10.1112/blms/17.5.487.
[4]	J.-P. Aubin and H. Frankowska, Set-Valued Analysis, Systems & Control: Foundations & Applications, 2, Birkhäuser Boston, Inc., Boston, MA, 1990.
[5]	L. Berrahmoune, A varational approach to constrained controllability for distributed systems, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 416 (2014), 805-823. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2014.03.004.
[6]	L. Berrahmoune, Constrained null controllability for distributed systems and applications to hyperbolic-like equations, ESAIM Control Optim. Calc. Var., 25 (2019), 40pp. doi: 10.1051/cocv/2018018.
[7]	C. Carthel, R. Glowinski and J.-L. Lions, On exact and approximate boundary controllability for the heat equation: A numerical approach, J. Optim. Theory Appl., 82 (1994), 429-484. doi: 10.1007/BF02192213.
[8]	N. Chen, Y. Wang and D.-H. Yang, Time-varying bang-bang property of time optimal controls for heat equation and its application, Systems Control Lett., 112 (2018), 18-23. doi: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2017.12.008.
[9]	F. Clarke, Functional Analysis, Calculus of Variations and Optimal Control, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 264, Springer, London, 2013. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4820-3.
[10]	R. F. Curtain and A. J. Pritchard, Infinite Dimensional Linear Systems Theory, Lecture Notes in Information Sciences, 8, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-New York, 1978. doi: 10.1007/BFb0006761.
[11]	S. Dolecki and D. L. Russell, A general theory of observation and control, SIAM J. Control Optim., 15 (1977), 185-220. doi: 10.1137/0315015.
[12]	I. Ekeland and R. Temam, Convex Analysis and Variational Problems, Studies in Mathematics and its Applications, 1, North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam-Oxford, 1976.
[13]	H. O. Fattorini, Infinite Dimensional Linear Control Systems. The Time Optimal and Norm Optimal Problems, North-Holland Mathematics Studies, 201, Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, 2005.
[14]	H. O. Fattorini, Time and norm optimal controls: A survey of recent results and open problems, Acta Math. Sci. Ser. B, 31 (2011), 2203-2218. doi: 10.1016/S0252-9602(11)60394-9.
[15]	R. Glowinski, J.-L. Lions and J. He, Exact and Approximate Controllability for Distributed Parameter Systems. A Numerical Approach, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, 117, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511721595.
[16]	E. B. Lee and L. Markus, Foundations of Optimal Control Theory, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York-London-Sydney, 1967.
[17]	J.-L. Lions, Optimal Control of Systems Governed by Partial Differential Equations, Springer-Verlag, New York-Berlin, 1971.
[18]	J.-L. Lions and E. Magenes, Problèmes aux Limites non Homogènes et Applications, 2, Dunod, Paris, 1968.
[19]	J. Lohéac, E. Trélat and E. Zuazua, Minimal controllability time for the heat equation under unilateral state or control constraints, Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci., 27 (2017), 1587-1644. doi: 10.1142/S0218202517500270.
[20]	J. Lohéac, E. Trélat and E. Zuazua, Minimal controllability time for finite-dimensional control systems under state constraints, Automatica J. IFAC, 96 (2018), 380-392. doi: 10.1016/j.automatica.2018.07.010.
[21]	D. Maity, M. Tucsnak and E. Zuazua, Controllability and positivity constraints in population dynamics with age structuring and diffusion, J. Math. Pures Appl. (9), 129 (2019), 153-179. doi: 10.1016/j.matpur.2018.12.006.
[22]	S. Micu, I. Roventa and M. Tucsnak, Time optimal boundary controls for the heat equation, J. Funct. Anal., 263 (2012), 25-49. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2012.04.009.
[23]	J. Mizel and T. I. Seidman, An abstract bang-bang principle and time-optimal boundary control of the heat equation, SIAM J. Control Optim., 35 (1997), 1204-1216. doi: 10.1137/S0363012996265470.
[24]	A. Münch and P. Pedregal, Numerical null controllability of the heat equation through a least squares and variational approach, European J. Appl. Math., 25 (2014), 277-306. doi: 10.1017/S0956792514000023.
[25]	A. Münch and E. Zuazua, Numerical approximation of null controls for the heat equation: Ill-posedness and remedies, Inverse Problems, 26 (2010), 39pp. doi: 10.1088/0266-5611/26/8/085018.
[26]	A. Pazy, Semigroups of Linear Operators and Applications to Partial Differential Equations, Applied Mathematical Sciences, 44, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1983. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5561-1.
[27]	G. Peichel and W. Schapacher, Constrained controllability in Banach spaces, Siam J. Control Optim., 24 (1986), 1261-1275. doi: 10.1137/0324076.
[28]	K. D. Phung and G. Wang, An observability estimate for parabolic equations from a measurable set in time and its applications, J. Eur. Math. Soc. (JEMS), 15 (2013), 681-703. doi: 10.4171/JEMS/371.
[29]	K. D. Phung, G. Wang and X. Zhang, On the existence of time optimal controls for linear evolution equations, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. B, 8 (2007), 925-941. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2007.8.925.
[30]	R. T. Rockafellar, Duality and stability in extremum problems involving convex function, Pacific J. Math., 21 (1967), 167-187. doi: 10.2140/pjm.1967.21.167.
[31]	R. T. Rockafellar, Conjugate Duality and Optimization, CBMS Regional Conference Series in Applied Mathematics, 16, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, PA, 1974. doi: 10.1137/1.9781611970524.
[32]	D. Salamon, Infinite dimensional systems with unbounded control and observation: A functional analytic approach, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 300 (1987), 383-431. doi: 10.2307/2000351.
[33]	T. Schanbacher, Aspects of positivity in control theory, SIAM J. Control Optim., 27 (1989), 457-475. doi: 10.1137/0327024.
[34]	G. Schmidt, The "bang-bang" principle for the time-optimal problem in boundary control of the heat equation, SIAM J. Control Optim., 18 (1980), 101-107. doi: 10.1137/0318008.
[35]	W. E. Schmittendorf and B. R. Barmish, Null controllability of linear systems with constrained controls, Siam J. Control Optim., 18 (1980), 327-345. doi: 10.1137/0318025.
[36]	C. Silva and E. Trélat, Smooth regularization of bang-bang optimal control problems, IEEE Trans. Automat. Control, 55 (2010), 2488-2499. doi: 10.1109/TAC.2010.2047742.
[37]	N. K. Son, Local controllability of linear systems with restrained controls in Banach space, Acta Math. Vietnam, 5 (1980), 78-87.
[38]	N. K. Son, A unified approach to constrained approximate controllability for the heat equations and the retarded equations, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 150 (1990), 1-19. doi: 10.1016/0022-247X(90)90192-I.
[39]	M. Tucsnak and G. Weiss, Observation and Control for Operator Semigroups, Birkhäuser Advanced Texts, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 2009. doi: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8994-9.
[40]	A. Vieru, On null controllability of linear systems in Banach spaces, Systems Control Lett., 54 (2005), 331-337. doi: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2004.09.004.
[41]	G. Wang, $L^{\infty}$-null controllability for the heat equation and its consequences for the time optimal control problem, SIAM J. Control Optim., 47 (2008), 1701-1720. doi: 10.1137/060678191.
[42]	G. Wang and Y. Xu, Equivalence of three different kinds of optimal control problems for heat equations and its applications, SIAM J. Control Optim., 51 (2013), 848-880. doi: 10.1137/110852449.
[43]	G. Wang and C. Zhang, Observability inequalities from measurable sets for some abstract evolution equations, SIAM J. Control Optim., 55 (2017), 1862-1886. doi: 10.1137/15M1051907.
[44]	G. Wang and Y. Zhang, Decompositions and bang-bang properties, Math. Control Relat. Fields, 7 (2017), 73-170. doi: 10.3934/mcrf.2017005.
[45]	G. Wang and G. Zheng, An approach to the optimal time for a time optimal control problem of an internally controlled heat equation, SIAM J. Control Optim., 50 (2012), 601-628. doi: 10.1137/100793645.
[46]	G. Wang and E. Zuazua, On the equivalence of minimal time and minimal norm controls for internally controlled heat equations, SIAM J. Control Optim., 50 (2012), 2938-2958. doi: 10.1137/110857398.
[47]	D. Washburn, A bound on the boundary input map for parabolic equations with applications to time-optimal control, SIAM J. Control Optim., 17 (1979), 652-671. doi: 10.1137/0317046.
[48]	G. Weiss, Admissibility of unbounded control operators, SIAM J. Control Optim., 27 (1989), 527-545. doi: 10.1137/0327028.
[49]	G. Weiss, Admissible observation operators for linear semigroups, Israel J. Math., 65 (1989), 17-43. doi: 10.1007/BF02788172.

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