Figure 1.
Figures of $ f_n(x) $ and the numerical solution
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On Milstein-type scheme for SDE driven by Lévy noise with super-linear coefficients
March
2021, 26(3): 1447-1468.
doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020168
Approximation methods for the distributed order calculus using the convolution quadrature
| 1. | School of Mathematical Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China |
| 2. | Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China |
| 3. | Department of Mathematics, Wayne State University Detroit, MI 48202, USA |
In this article we generalize the convolution quadrature (CQ) method, which aims at approximating the fractional calculus, to the case for the distributed order calculus. Our method is a natural expansion that the approximation formulas, convergence results and correction technique reduce to the cases for the CQ method if the weight function $ \mu(\alpha) $ is defined by $ \delta(\alpha-\alpha_0) $. Further, we explore a new structure of the solution of an ODE with the distributed order fractional derivative, which differs from those of the solutions of traditional fractional ODEs, and propose a new correction technique for this new structure to restore the optimal convergence rate. Numerical tests with smooth and nonsmooth solutions confirm our theoretical results and the efficiency of our correction technique.
Keywords:
Distributed order calculus,
correction technique,
convolution quadrature,
optimal convergence,
regularity.
Mathematics Subject Classification:
Primary: 26A33, 65D25; Secondary: 65D30.
Citation:
Baoli Yin, Yang Liu, Hong Li, Zhimin Zhang. Approximation methods for the distributed order calculus using the convolution quadrature. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B,
2021, 26
(3)
: 1447-1468.
doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020168
![]()
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A kernel compression scheme for fractional differential equations, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 55 (2017), 496-520.
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Mean fractional-order-derivatives differential equations and filters, Ann. Univ. Ferrara Sez. Ⅶ (N.S.), 41 (1995), 73-84.
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A. V. Chechkin, R. Gorenflo, I. M. Sokolov and V. Y. Gonchar,
Distributed order time fractional diffusion equation, Fract. Calc. Appl. Anal., 6 (2003), 259-279.
|
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M. H. Chen and W. H. Deng,
Fourth order difference approximations for space Riemann-Liouville derivatives based on weighted and shifted Lubich difference operators, Commu. Comput. Phys., 16 (2014), 516-540.
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K. Diethelm and N. J. Ford,
Numerical analysis for distributed-order differential equations, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 225 (2009), 96-104.
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H. F. Ding and C. P. Li,
High-order numerical algorithms for Riesz derivatives via constructing new generating functions, J. Sci. Comput., 71 (2017), 759-784.
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Y. W. Du, Y. Liu, H. Li, Z. C. Fang and S. He,
Local discontinuous Galerkin method for a nonlinear time-fractional fourth-order partial differential equation, J. Comput. Phys., 344 (2017), 108-126.
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Finite difference/finite element method for a novel 2D multi-term time-fractional mixed sub-diffusion and diffusion-wave equation on convex domains, Commu. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulat., 70 (2019), 354-371.
doi: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2018.10.016. |
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G.-H. Gao, H.-W. Sun and Z.-Z. Sun,
Some high-order difference schemes for the distributed-order differential equations, J. Comput. Phys., 298 (2015), 337-359.
doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2015.05.047. |
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P. Gatto and J. S. Hesthaven,
Numerical approximation of the fractional Laplacian via $hp$-finite elements, with an application to image denoising, J. Sci. Comput., 65 (2015), 249-270.
doi: 10.1007/s10915-014-9959-1. |
| [13] |
S. M. Guo, L. Q. Mei, Z. Q. Zhang and Y. T. Jiang,
Finite difference/spectral-Galerkin method for a two-dimensional distributed-order time-space fractional reaction-diffusion equation, Appl. Math. Letters, 85 (2018), 157-163.
doi: 10.1016/j.aml.2018.06.005. |
| [14] |
J. H. Jia and H. Wang,
A fast finite difference method for distributed-order space-fractional partial differential equations on convex domains, Comput. Math. Appl., 75 (2018), 2031-2043.
doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2017.09.003. |
| [15] |
B. T. Jin, B. Y. Li and Z. Zhou, Correction of high-order BDF convolution quadrature for fractional evolution equations, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 39 (2017), A3129–A3152.
doi: 10.1137/17M1118816. |
| [16] |
B. T. Jin, R. Lazarov, D. Sheen and Z. Zhou,
Error estimates for approximations of distributed order time fractional diffusion with nonsmooth data, Fract. Calc. Appl. Anal., 19 (2016), 69-93.
doi: 10.1515/fca-2016-0005. |
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A. N. Kochubei,
Distributed order calculus and equations of ultraslow diffusion, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 340 (2008), 252-281.
doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2007.08.024. |
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J. C. Li, Y. Q. Huang and Y. P. Lin,
Developing finite element methods for Maxwell's equations in a Cole-Cole dispersive medium, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 33 (2011), 3153-3174.
doi: 10.1137/110827624. |
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C. P. Li and F. H. Zeng, Numerical Methods for Fractional Calculus, Chapman & Hall/CRC Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2015.
|
| [20] |
D. F. Li, J. W. Zhang and Z. M. Zhang,
Unconditionally optimal error estimates of a linearized Galerkin method for nonlinear time fractional reaction-subdiffusion equations, J. Sci. Comput., 76 (2018), 848-866.
doi: 10.1007/s10915-018-0642-9. |
| [21] |
B. J. Li, H. Luo and X. P. Xie,
Analysis of a time-stepping scheme for time fractional diffusion problems with nonsmooth data, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 57 (2019), 779-798.
doi: 10.1137/18M118414X. |
| [22] |
Z. Y. Li, Y. Luchko and M. Yamamoto,
Asymptotic estimates of solutions to initial-boundary-value problems for distributed order time-fractional diffusion equations, Fract. Calc. Appl. Anal., 17 (2014), 1114-1136.
doi: 10.2478/s13540-014-0217-x. |
| [23] |
H.-L. Liao, W. McLean and J. W. Zhang,
A discrete Grönwall inequality with applications to numerical schemes for subdiffusion problems, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 57 (2019), 218-237.
doi: 10.1137/16M1175742. |
| [24] |
Y. Liu, Y.-W. Du, H. Li and J.-F. Wang,
A two-grid finite element approximation for a nonlinear time-fractional Cable equation, Nonlinear Dyn., 85 (2016), 2535-2548.
doi: 10.1007/s11071-016-2843-9. |
| [25] |
Y. Liu, Y. W. Du, H. Li, F. W. Liu and Y. J. Wang,
Some second-order $\theta$ schemes combined with finite element method for nonlinear fractional Cable equation, Numer. Algor., 80 (2019), 533-555.
doi: 10.1007/s11075-018-0496-0. |
| [26] |
Y. Liu, B. Yin, H. Li and Z. Zhang, The unified theory of shifted convolution quadrature for fractional calculus, arXiv: 1908.01136v3. |
| [27] |
C. Lubich,
Discretized fractional calculus, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 17 (1986), 704-719.
doi: 10.1137/0517050. |
| [28] |
C. Lubich,
Convolution quadrature and discretized operational calculus. I, Numer. Math., 52 (1988), 129-145.
doi: 10.1007/BF01398686. |
| [29] |
Y. Luchko,
Boundary value problems for the generalized time-fractional diffusion equation of distributed order, Fract. Calc. Appl. Anal., 12 (2009), 409-422.
|
| [30] |
S. Mashayekhi and M. Razzaghi,
Numerical solution of distributed order fractional differential equations by hybrid functions, J. Comput. Phys., 315 (2016), 169-181.
doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2016.01.041. |
| [31] |
W. McLean and K. Mustapha,
Time-stepping error bounds for fractional diffusion problems with non-smooth initial data, J. Comput. Phys., 293 (2015), 201-217.
doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2014.08.050. |
| [32] |
M. M. Meerschaert and H. P. Scheffler,
Stochastic model for ultraslow diffusion, Stoch. Proc. Appl., 116 (2006), 1215-1235.
doi: 10.1016/j.spa.2006.01.006. |
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R. Metzler and J. Klafter, The random walk's guide to anomalous diffusion: A fractional dynamics approach, Physics Reports, 339 (2000), 77 pp.
doi: 10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3. |
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B. P. Moghaddam, J. A. Tenreiro Machado and M. L. Morgado,
Numerical approach for a class of distributed order time fractional partial differential equations, Appl. Numer. Math., 136 (2019), 152-162.
doi: 10.1016/j.apnum.2018.09.019. |
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I. Podlubny, Fractional Differential Equations: An Introduction to Fractional Derivatives, Fractional Differential Equations, to Methods of Their Solution and Some of Their Applications, Mathematics in Science and Engineering, 198. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA, 1999.
|
| [36] |
A. Quarteroni, R. Sacco and F. Saleri, Numerical Mathematics, Springer-Verlag Italia, Milan, 1998. |
| [37] |
M. H. Ran and C. J. Zhang,
New compact difference scheme for solving the fourth-order time fractional sub-diffusion equation of the distributed order, Appl. Numer. Math., 129 (2018), 58-70.
doi: 10.1016/j.apnum.2018.03.005. |
| [38] |
J. C. Ren and Z.-Z. Sun,
Efficient and stable numerical methods for multi-term time fractional sub-diffusion equations, E. Asian J. Appl. Math., 4 (2014), 242-266.
doi: 10.4208/eajam.181113.280514a. |
| [39] |
Y. H. Shi, F. Liu, Y. M. Zhao, F. L. Wang and I. Turner,
An unstructured mesh finite element method for solving the multi-term time fractional and Riesz space distributed-order wave equation on an irregular convex domain, Appl. Math. Model., 73 (2019), 615-636.
doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2019.04.023. |
| [40] |
M. Stynes, E. O'Riordan and J. L. Gracia,
Error analysis of a finite difference method on graded meshes for a time-fractional diffusion equation, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 55 (2017), 1057-1079.
doi: 10.1137/16M1082329. |
| [41] |
P. D. Wang and C. M. Huang,
An implicit midpoint difference scheme for the fractional Ginzburg-Landau equation, J. Comput. Phys., 312 (2016), 31-49.
doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2016.02.018. |
| [42] |
Y. B. Yan, M. Khan and N. J. Ford,
An analysis of the modified L1 scheme for time-fractional partial differential equations with nonsmooth data, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 56 (2018), 210-227.
doi: 10.1137/16M1094257. |
| [43] |
B. L. Yin, Y. Liu, H. Li and S. He,
Fast algorithm based on TT-M FE system for space fractional Allen-Cahn equations with smooth and non-smooth solutions, J. Comput. Phys., 379 (2019), 351-372.
doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2018.12.004. |
| [44] |
B. Yin, Y. Liu, H. Li and Z. Zhang, Finite element methods based on two families of second-order numerical formulas for the fractional Cable model with smooth solutions, arXiv: 1911.08166v1. |
| [45] |
B. L. Yin, Y. Liu and H. Li, A class of shifted high-order numerical methods for the fractional mobile/immobile transport equations, Appl. Math. Comput., 368 (2020), 124799, 20 pp.
doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2019.124799. |
| [46] |
B. Yin, Y. Liu, H. Li and Z. Zhang, Two families of novel second-order fractional numerical formulas and their applications to fractional differential equations, preprint, arXiv: 1906.01242v1. |
| [47] |
F. H. Zeng, Z. Q. Zhang and G. E. Karniadakis,
Second-order numerical methods for multi-term fractional differential equations: Smooth and non-smooth solutions, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 327 (2017), 478-502.
doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2017.08.029. |
| [48] |
H. Zhang, F. W. Liu, X. Y. Jiang, F. H. Zeng and I. Turner,
A Crank-Nicolson ADI Galerkin-Legendre spectral method for the two-dimensional Riesz space distributed-order advection-diffusion equation, Comput. Math. Appl., 76 (2018), 2460-2476.
doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2018.08.042. |
| [49] |
M. L. Zheng, F. W. Liu, I. Turner and V. Anh, A novel high order space-time spectral method for the time fractional Fokker-Planck equation, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 37 (2015), A701–A724.
doi: 10.1137/140980545. |
| [50] |
X. C. Zheng, H. Liu, H. Wang and H. F. Fu, An efficient finite volume method for nonlinear distributed-order space-fractional diffusion equations in three space dimensions, J. Sci. Comput., 80 (2019), 1395–1418, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10915-019-00979-2.
doi: 10.1007/s10915-019-00979-2. |
show all references
References:
| [1] |
M. Abbaszadeh and M. Dehghan,
An improved meshless method for solving two-dimensional distributed order time-fractional diffusion-wave equation with error estimate, Numer. Algor., 75 (2017), 173-211.
doi: 10.1007/s11075-016-0201-0. |
| [2] |
D. Baffet and J. S. Hesthaven,
A kernel compression scheme for fractional differential equations, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 55 (2017), 496-520.
doi: 10.1137/15M1043960. |
| [3] |
M. Caputo,
Mean fractional-order-derivatives differential equations and filters, Ann. Univ. Ferrara Sez. Ⅶ (N.S.), 41 (1995), 73-84.
|
| [4] |
A. V. Chechkin, R. Gorenflo, I. M. Sokolov and V. Y. Gonchar,
Distributed order time fractional diffusion equation, Fract. Calc. Appl. Anal., 6 (2003), 259-279.
|
| [5] |
M. H. Chen and W. H. Deng,
Fourth order difference approximations for space Riemann-Liouville derivatives based on weighted and shifted Lubich difference operators, Commu. Comput. Phys., 16 (2014), 516-540.
doi: 10.4208/cicp.120713.280214a. |
| [6] |
K. Diethelm and N. J. Ford,
Numerical analysis for distributed-order differential equations, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 225 (2009), 96-104.
doi: 10.1016/j.cam.2008.07.018. |
| [7] |
H. F. Ding and C. P. Li,
High-order numerical algorithms for Riesz derivatives via constructing new generating functions, J. Sci. Comput., 71 (2017), 759-784.
doi: 10.1007/s10915-016-0317-3. |
| [8] |
Y. W. Du, Y. Liu, H. Li, Z. C. Fang and S. He,
Local discontinuous Galerkin method for a nonlinear time-fractional fourth-order partial differential equation, J. Comput. Phys., 344 (2017), 108-126.
doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2017.04.078. |
| [9] |
W. Feller, An Introduction to Probability Theory and its Applications. Vol. II, Second edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York-London-Sydney, 1971. |
| [10] |
L. B. Feng, F. W. Liu and I. Turner,
Finite difference/finite element method for a novel 2D multi-term time-fractional mixed sub-diffusion and diffusion-wave equation on convex domains, Commu. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulat., 70 (2019), 354-371.
doi: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2018.10.016. |
| [11] |
G.-H. Gao, H.-W. Sun and Z.-Z. Sun,
Some high-order difference schemes for the distributed-order differential equations, J. Comput. Phys., 298 (2015), 337-359.
doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2015.05.047. |
| [12] |
P. Gatto and J. S. Hesthaven,
Numerical approximation of the fractional Laplacian via $hp$-finite elements, with an application to image denoising, J. Sci. Comput., 65 (2015), 249-270.
doi: 10.1007/s10915-014-9959-1. |
| [13] |
S. M. Guo, L. Q. Mei, Z. Q. Zhang and Y. T. Jiang,
Finite difference/spectral-Galerkin method for a two-dimensional distributed-order time-space fractional reaction-diffusion equation, Appl. Math. Letters, 85 (2018), 157-163.
doi: 10.1016/j.aml.2018.06.005. |
| [14] |
J. H. Jia and H. Wang,
A fast finite difference method for distributed-order space-fractional partial differential equations on convex domains, Comput. Math. Appl., 75 (2018), 2031-2043.
doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2017.09.003. |
| [15] |
B. T. Jin, B. Y. Li and Z. Zhou, Correction of high-order BDF convolution quadrature for fractional evolution equations, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 39 (2017), A3129–A3152.
doi: 10.1137/17M1118816. |
| [16] |
B. T. Jin, R. Lazarov, D. Sheen and Z. Zhou,
Error estimates for approximations of distributed order time fractional diffusion with nonsmooth data, Fract. Calc. Appl. Anal., 19 (2016), 69-93.
doi: 10.1515/fca-2016-0005. |
| [17] |
A. N. Kochubei,
Distributed order calculus and equations of ultraslow diffusion, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 340 (2008), 252-281.
doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2007.08.024. |
| [18] |
J. C. Li, Y. Q. Huang and Y. P. Lin,
Developing finite element methods for Maxwell's equations in a Cole-Cole dispersive medium, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 33 (2011), 3153-3174.
doi: 10.1137/110827624. |
| [19] |
C. P. Li and F. H. Zeng, Numerical Methods for Fractional Calculus, Chapman & Hall/CRC Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2015.
|
| [20] |
D. F. Li, J. W. Zhang and Z. M. Zhang,
Unconditionally optimal error estimates of a linearized Galerkin method for nonlinear time fractional reaction-subdiffusion equations, J. Sci. Comput., 76 (2018), 848-866.
doi: 10.1007/s10915-018-0642-9. |
| [21] |
B. J. Li, H. Luo and X. P. Xie,
Analysis of a time-stepping scheme for time fractional diffusion problems with nonsmooth data, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 57 (2019), 779-798.
doi: 10.1137/18M118414X. |
| [22] |
Z. Y. Li, Y. Luchko and M. Yamamoto,
Asymptotic estimates of solutions to initial-boundary-value problems for distributed order time-fractional diffusion equations, Fract. Calc. Appl. Anal., 17 (2014), 1114-1136.
doi: 10.2478/s13540-014-0217-x. |
| [23] |
H.-L. Liao, W. McLean and J. W. Zhang,
A discrete Grönwall inequality with applications to numerical schemes for subdiffusion problems, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 57 (2019), 218-237.
doi: 10.1137/16M1175742. |
| [24] |
Y. Liu, Y.-W. Du, H. Li and J.-F. Wang,
A two-grid finite element approximation for a nonlinear time-fractional Cable equation, Nonlinear Dyn., 85 (2016), 2535-2548.
doi: 10.1007/s11071-016-2843-9. |
| [25] |
Y. Liu, Y. W. Du, H. Li, F. W. Liu and Y. J. Wang,
Some second-order $\theta$ schemes combined with finite element method for nonlinear fractional Cable equation, Numer. Algor., 80 (2019), 533-555.
doi: 10.1007/s11075-018-0496-0. |
| [26] |
Y. Liu, B. Yin, H. Li and Z. Zhang, The unified theory of shifted convolution quadrature for fractional calculus, arXiv: 1908.01136v3. |
| [27] |
C. Lubich,
Discretized fractional calculus, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 17 (1986), 704-719.
doi: 10.1137/0517050. |
| [28] |
C. Lubich,
Convolution quadrature and discretized operational calculus. I, Numer. Math., 52 (1988), 129-145.
doi: 10.1007/BF01398686. |
| [29] |
Y. Luchko,
Boundary value problems for the generalized time-fractional diffusion equation of distributed order, Fract. Calc. Appl. Anal., 12 (2009), 409-422.
|
| [30] |
S. Mashayekhi and M. Razzaghi,
Numerical solution of distributed order fractional differential equations by hybrid functions, J. Comput. Phys., 315 (2016), 169-181.
doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2016.01.041. |
| [31] |
W. McLean and K. Mustapha,
Time-stepping error bounds for fractional diffusion problems with non-smooth initial data, J. Comput. Phys., 293 (2015), 201-217.
doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2014.08.050. |
| [32] |
M. M. Meerschaert and H. P. Scheffler,
Stochastic model for ultraslow diffusion, Stoch. Proc. Appl., 116 (2006), 1215-1235.
doi: 10.1016/j.spa.2006.01.006. |
| [33] |
R. Metzler and J. Klafter, The random walk's guide to anomalous diffusion: A fractional dynamics approach, Physics Reports, 339 (2000), 77 pp.
doi: 10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3. |
| [34] |
B. P. Moghaddam, J. A. Tenreiro Machado and M. L. Morgado,
Numerical approach for a class of distributed order time fractional partial differential equations, Appl. Numer. Math., 136 (2019), 152-162.
doi: 10.1016/j.apnum.2018.09.019. |
| [35] |
I. Podlubny, Fractional Differential Equations: An Introduction to Fractional Derivatives, Fractional Differential Equations, to Methods of Their Solution and Some of Their Applications, Mathematics in Science and Engineering, 198. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA, 1999.
|
| [36] |
A. Quarteroni, R. Sacco and F. Saleri, Numerical Mathematics, Springer-Verlag Italia, Milan, 1998. |
| [37] |
M. H. Ran and C. J. Zhang,
New compact difference scheme for solving the fourth-order time fractional sub-diffusion equation of the distributed order, Appl. Numer. Math., 129 (2018), 58-70.
doi: 10.1016/j.apnum.2018.03.005. |
| [38] |
J. C. Ren and Z.-Z. Sun,
Efficient and stable numerical methods for multi-term time fractional sub-diffusion equations, E. Asian J. Appl. Math., 4 (2014), 242-266.
doi: 10.4208/eajam.181113.280514a. |
| [39] |
Y. H. Shi, F. Liu, Y. M. Zhao, F. L. Wang and I. Turner,
An unstructured mesh finite element method for solving the multi-term time fractional and Riesz space distributed-order wave equation on an irregular convex domain, Appl. Math. Model., 73 (2019), 615-636.
doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2019.04.023. |
| [40] |
M. Stynes, E. O'Riordan and J. L. Gracia,
Error analysis of a finite difference method on graded meshes for a time-fractional diffusion equation, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 55 (2017), 1057-1079.
doi: 10.1137/16M1082329. |
| [41] |
P. D. Wang and C. M. Huang,
An implicit midpoint difference scheme for the fractional Ginzburg-Landau equation, J. Comput. Phys., 312 (2016), 31-49.
doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2016.02.018. |
| [42] |
Y. B. Yan, M. Khan and N. J. Ford,
An analysis of the modified L1 scheme for time-fractional partial differential equations with nonsmooth data, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 56 (2018), 210-227.
doi: 10.1137/16M1094257. |
| [43] |
B. L. Yin, Y. Liu, H. Li and S. He,
Fast algorithm based on TT-M FE system for space fractional Allen-Cahn equations with smooth and non-smooth solutions, J. Comput. Phys., 379 (2019), 351-372.
doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2018.12.004. |
| [44] |
B. Yin, Y. Liu, H. Li and Z. Zhang, Finite element methods based on two families of second-order numerical formulas for the fractional Cable model with smooth solutions, arXiv: 1911.08166v1. |
| [45] |
B. L. Yin, Y. Liu and H. Li, A class of shifted high-order numerical methods for the fractional mobile/immobile transport equations, Appl. Math. Comput., 368 (2020), 124799, 20 pp.
doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2019.124799. |
| [46] |
B. Yin, Y. Liu, H. Li and Z. Zhang, Two families of novel second-order fractional numerical formulas and their applications to fractional differential equations, preprint, arXiv: 1906.01242v1. |
| [47] |
F. H. Zeng, Z. Q. Zhang and G. E. Karniadakis,
Second-order numerical methods for multi-term fractional differential equations: Smooth and non-smooth solutions, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 327 (2017), 478-502.
doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2017.08.029. |
| [48] |
H. Zhang, F. W. Liu, X. Y. Jiang, F. H. Zeng and I. Turner,
A Crank-Nicolson ADI Galerkin-Legendre spectral method for the two-dimensional Riesz space distributed-order advection-diffusion equation, Comput. Math. Appl., 76 (2018), 2460-2476.
doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2018.08.042. |
| [49] |
M. L. Zheng, F. W. Liu, I. Turner and V. Anh, A novel high order space-time spectral method for the time fractional Fokker-Planck equation, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 37 (2015), A701–A724.
doi: 10.1137/140980545. |
| [50] |
X. C. Zheng, H. Liu, H. Wang and H. F. Fu, An efficient finite volume method for nonlinear distributed-order space-fractional diffusion equations in three space dimensions, J. Sci. Comput., 80 (2019), 1395–1418, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10915-019-00979-2.
doi: 10.1007/s10915-019-00979-2. |
Figure 2.
Error plot at each node with correction terms, $ h = \frac{1}{40} $
Figure 3.
Error plot at each node without correction terms, $ h = \frac{1}{40} $
Table 2.
Comparison of rates for methods with and without correction terms, $ h = \frac{1}{2000} $
| Methods | Rate | CPU(s) | Rate | CPU(s) | |||
| D-Euler ( |
1/10 | 2.66E-01 | – | 0.441 | 5.14E-02 | – | 0.435 |
| 1/20 | 2.90E-01 | – | 0.426 | 2.55E-02 | 1.01 | 0.461 | |
| 1/40 | 3.05E-01 | – | 0.480 | 1.28E-02 | 1.00 | 0.496 | |
| 1/80 | 3.10E-01 | – | 0.611 | 6.40E-03 | 1.00 | 0.611 | |
| D-BDF2 ( |
1/10 | 5.54E-02 | – | 0.442 | 4.20E-03 | – | 0.435 |
| 1/20 | 4.97E-02 | 0.16 | 0.443 | 1.11E-03 | 1.92 | 0.447 | |
| 1/40 | 4.23E-02 | 0.23 | 0.461 | 2.85E-04 | 1.96 | 0.481 | |
| 1/80 | 3.43E-02 | 0.30 | 0.501 | 7.15E-05 | 1.99 | 0.810 | |
| D-BT- ( |
1/10 | 1.55E-01 | – | 0.450 | 1.87E-03 | – | 0.428 |
| 1/20 | 1.50E-01 | 0.05 | 0.457 | 4.70E-04 | 2.00 | 0.461 | |
| 1/40 | 1.38E-01 | 0.11 | 0.476 | 1.17E-04 | 2.00 | 0.498 | |
| 1/80 | 1.23E-01 | 0.17 | 0.589 | 2.88E-05 | 2.02 | 0.605 | |
| D-BN- ( |
1/10 | 1.59E-02 | – | 0.448 | 6.76E-03 | – | 0.444 |
| 1/20 | 1.27E-02 | 0.33 | 0.467 | 1.82E-03 | 1.90 | 0.414 | |
| 1/40 | 9.47E-03 | 0.42 | 0.478 | 4.70E-04 | 1.95 | 0.491 | |
| 1/80 | 6.69E-03 | 0.50 | 0.619 | 1.19E-04 | 1.98 | 0.570 | |
| D-BDF3 ( |
1/10 | 1.48E-02 | – | 0.437 | 3.98E-04 | – | 0.428 |
| 1/20 | 1.03E-02 | 0.53 | 0.437 | 5.08E-05 | 2.97 | 0.443 | |
| 1/40 | 6.74E-03 | 0.60 | 0.494 | 5.76E-06 | 3.14 | 0.479 | |
| 1/80 | 4.21E-03 | 0.68 | 0.582 | 5.20E-07 | 3.47 | 0.585 |
| Methods | Rate | CPU(s) | Rate | CPU(s) | |||
| D-Euler ( |
1/10 | 2.66E-01 | – | 0.441 | 5.14E-02 | – | 0.435 |
| 1/20 | 2.90E-01 | – | 0.426 | 2.55E-02 | 1.01 | 0.461 | |
| 1/40 | 3.05E-01 | – | 0.480 | 1.28E-02 | 1.00 | 0.496 | |
| 1/80 | 3.10E-01 | – | 0.611 | 6.40E-03 | 1.00 | 0.611 | |
| D-BDF2 ( |
1/10 | 5.54E-02 | – | 0.442 | 4.20E-03 | – | 0.435 |
| 1/20 | 4.97E-02 | 0.16 | 0.443 | 1.11E-03 | 1.92 | 0.447 | |
| 1/40 | 4.23E-02 | 0.23 | 0.461 | 2.85E-04 | 1.96 | 0.481 | |
| 1/80 | 3.43E-02 | 0.30 | 0.501 | 7.15E-05 | 1.99 | 0.810 | |
| D-BT- ( |
1/10 | 1.55E-01 | – | 0.450 | 1.87E-03 | – | 0.428 |
| 1/20 | 1.50E-01 | 0.05 | 0.457 | 4.70E-04 | 2.00 | 0.461 | |
| 1/40 | 1.38E-01 | 0.11 | 0.476 | 1.17E-04 | 2.00 | 0.498 | |
| 1/80 | 1.23E-01 | 0.17 | 0.589 | 2.88E-05 | 2.02 | 0.605 | |
| D-BN- ( |
1/10 | 1.59E-02 | – | 0.448 | 6.76E-03 | – | 0.444 |
| 1/20 | 1.27E-02 | 0.33 | 0.467 | 1.82E-03 | 1.90 | 0.414 | |
| 1/40 | 9.47E-03 | 0.42 | 0.478 | 4.70E-04 | 1.95 | 0.491 | |
| 1/80 | 6.69E-03 | 0.50 | 0.619 | 1.19E-04 | 1.98 | 0.570 | |
| D-BDF3 ( |
1/10 | 1.48E-02 | – | 0.437 | 3.98E-04 | – | 0.428 |
| 1/20 | 1.03E-02 | 0.53 | 0.437 | 5.08E-05 | 2.97 | 0.443 | |
| 1/40 | 6.74E-03 | 0.60 | 0.494 | 5.76E-06 | 3.14 | 0.479 | |
| 1/80 | 4.21E-03 | 0.68 | 0.582 | 5.20E-07 | 3.47 | 0.585 |
Table 3.
Temporal convergence rates for methods with and without correction terms
| Methods | Rate | CPU(s) | Rate | CPU(s) | |||
| D-Euler | 1/20 | 1.82E-02 | – | 1.516 | 5.18E-03 | – | 1.579 |
| 1/40 | 9.85E-03 | 0.89 | 3.526 | 2.64E-03 | 0.97 | 3.266 | |
| 1/80 | 5.23E-03 | 0.91 | 7.992 | 1.33E-03 | 0.99 | 8.236 | |
| 1/160 | 2.74E-03 | 0.93 | 33.652 | 6.65E-04 | 1.00 | 34.729 | |
| D-BDF2 | 1/20 | 5.32E-02 | – | 1.525 | 2.79E-04 | – | 1.507 |
| 1/40 | 3.28E-02 | 0.70 | 3.285 | 7.09E-05 | 1.97 | 3.203 | |
| 1/80 | 1.96E-02 | 0.75 | 7.897 | 1.79E-05 | 1.99 | 8.142 | |
| 1/160 | 1.19E-02 | 0.72 | 34.870 | 4.49E-06 | 1.99 | 32.841 | |
| D-BT- ( |
1/20 | 5.94E-02 | – | 1.468 | 1.95E-04 | – | 1.523 |
| 1/40 | 3.68E-02 | 0.69 | 3.254 | 4.97E-05 | 1.97 | 3.308 | |
| 1/80 | 2.20E-02 | 0.74 | 7.876 | 1.25E-05 | 1.99 | 8.160 | |
| 1/160 | 1.28E-02 | 0.78 | 34.141 | 3.14E-06 | 1.99 | 34.439 | |
| D-BN- ( |
1/20 | 5.44E-02 | – | 1.509 | 2.46E-04 | – | 1.517 |
| 1/40 | 3.35E-02 | 0.70 | 3.281 | 6.24E-05 | 1.98 | 3.479 | |
| 1/80 | 1.99E-02 | 0.75 | 8.090 | 1.57E-05 | 1.99 | 7.998 | |
| 1/160 | 1.20E-02 | 0.73 | 35.025 | 3.95E-06 | 1.99 | 34.751 |
| Methods | Rate | CPU(s) | Rate | CPU(s) | |||
| D-Euler | 1/20 | 1.82E-02 | – | 1.516 | 5.18E-03 | – | 1.579 |
| 1/40 | 9.85E-03 | 0.89 | 3.526 | 2.64E-03 | 0.97 | 3.266 | |
| 1/80 | 5.23E-03 | 0.91 | 7.992 | 1.33E-03 | 0.99 | 8.236 | |
| 1/160 | 2.74E-03 | 0.93 | 33.652 | 6.65E-04 | 1.00 | 34.729 | |
| D-BDF2 | 1/20 | 5.32E-02 | – | 1.525 | 2.79E-04 | – | 1.507 |
| 1/40 | 3.28E-02 | 0.70 | 3.285 | 7.09E-05 | 1.97 | 3.203 | |
| 1/80 | 1.96E-02 | 0.75 | 7.897 | 1.79E-05 | 1.99 | 8.142 | |
| 1/160 | 1.19E-02 | 0.72 | 34.870 | 4.49E-06 | 1.99 | 32.841 | |
| D-BT- ( |
1/20 | 5.94E-02 | – | 1.468 | 1.95E-04 | – | 1.523 |
| 1/40 | 3.68E-02 | 0.69 | 3.254 | 4.97E-05 | 1.97 | 3.308 | |
| 1/80 | 2.20E-02 | 0.74 | 7.876 | 1.25E-05 | 1.99 | 8.160 | |
| 1/160 | 1.28E-02 | 0.78 | 34.141 | 3.14E-06 | 1.99 | 34.439 | |
| D-BN- ( |
1/20 | 5.44E-02 | – | 1.509 | 2.46E-04 | – | 1.517 |
| 1/40 | 3.35E-02 | 0.70 | 3.281 | 6.24E-05 | 1.98 | 3.479 | |
| 1/80 | 1.99E-02 | 0.75 | 8.090 | 1.57E-05 | 1.99 | 7.998 | |
| 1/160 | 1.20E-02 | 0.73 | 35.025 | 3.95E-06 | 1.99 | 34.751 |
Table 1.
Temporal convergence rates for smooth solutions, $ h = \frac{1}{2000} $
| Methods | Rate | CPU(s) | Rate | CPU(s) | |||
| D-Euler | 1/10 | 9.03E-02 | – | 0.401 | 9.10E-02 | – | 0.441 |
| 1/20 | 4.59E-02 | 0.98 | 0.513 | 4.60E-02 | 0.98 | 0.453 | |
| 1/40 | 2.31E-02 | 0.99 | 0.554 | 2.31E-02 | 0.99 | 0.492 | |
| 1/80 | 1.16E-02 | 1.00 | 0.688 | 1.16E-02 | 1.00 | 0.617 | |
| D-BDF2 | 1/10 | 1.48E-02 | – | 0.441 | 1.49E-02 | – | 0.426 |
| 1/20 | 3.98E-03 | 1.89 | 0.453 | 3.98E-03 | 1.90 | 0.435 | |
| 1/40 | 1.03E-03 | 1.95 | 0.474 | 1.03E-03 | 1.95 | 0.468 | |
| 1/80 | 2.62E-04 | 1.98 | 0.579 | 2.62E-04 | 1.98 | 0.607 | |
| D-BT- ( |
1/10 | 5.36E-03 | – | 0.405 | 5.41E-03 | – | 0.452 |
| 1/20 | 1.36E-03 | 1.97 | 0.454 | 1.37E-03 | 1.98 | 0.449 | |
| 1/40 | 3.44E-04 | 1.99 | 0.516 | 3.44E-04 | 1.99 | 0.469 | |
| 1/80 | 8.61E-05 | 2.00 | 0.604 | 8.61E-05 | 2.00 | 0.598 | |
| D-BN- ( |
1/10 | 2.63E-02 | – | 0.413 | 2.65E-02 | – | 0.438 |
| 1/20 | 7.17E-03 | 1.88 | 0.453 | 7.18E-03 | 1.88 | 0.437 | |
| 1/40 | 1.87E-03 | 1.94 | 0.490 | 1.87E-03 | 1.94 | 0.494 | |
| 1/80 | 4.76E-04 | 1.97 | 0.623 | 4.76E-04 | 1.97 | 0.583 | |
| D-BDF3 | 1/10 | 2.00E-03 | – | 0.473 | 2.03E-03 | – | 0.407 |
| 1/20 | 2.65E-04 | 2.92 | 0.475 | 2.66E-04 | 2.93 | 0.440 | |
| 1/40 | 3.39E-05 | 2.97 | 0.496 | 3.39E-05 | 2.97 | 0.496 | |
| 1/80 | 4.20E-06 | 3.01 | 0.611 | 4.20E-06 | 3.01 | 0.614 |
| Methods | Rate | CPU(s) | Rate | CPU(s) | |||
| D-Euler | 1/10 | 9.03E-02 | – | 0.401 | 9.10E-02 | – | 0.441 |
| 1/20 | 4.59E-02 | 0.98 | 0.513 | 4.60E-02 | 0.98 | 0.453 | |
| 1/40 | 2.31E-02 | 0.99 | 0.554 | 2.31E-02 | 0.99 | 0.492 | |
| 1/80 | 1.16E-02 | 1.00 | 0.688 | 1.16E-02 | 1.00 | 0.617 | |
| D-BDF2 | 1/10 | 1.48E-02 | – | 0.441 | 1.49E-02 | – | 0.426 |
| 1/20 | 3.98E-03 | 1.89 | 0.453 | 3.98E-03 | 1.90 | 0.435 | |
| 1/40 | 1.03E-03 | 1.95 | 0.474 | 1.03E-03 | 1.95 | 0.468 | |
| 1/80 | 2.62E-04 | 1.98 | 0.579 | 2.62E-04 | 1.98 | 0.607 | |
| D-BT- ( |
1/10 | 5.36E-03 | – | 0.405 | 5.41E-03 | – | 0.452 |
| 1/20 | 1.36E-03 | 1.97 | 0.454 | 1.37E-03 | 1.98 | 0.449 | |
| 1/40 | 3.44E-04 | 1.99 | 0.516 | 3.44E-04 | 1.99 | 0.469 | |
| 1/80 | 8.61E-05 | 2.00 | 0.604 | 8.61E-05 | 2.00 | 0.598 | |
| D-BN- ( |
1/10 | 2.63E-02 | – | 0.413 | 2.65E-02 | – | 0.438 |
| 1/20 | 7.17E-03 | 1.88 | 0.453 | 7.18E-03 | 1.88 | 0.437 | |
| 1/40 | 1.87E-03 | 1.94 | 0.490 | 1.87E-03 | 1.94 | 0.494 | |
| 1/80 | 4.76E-04 | 1.97 | 0.623 | 4.76E-04 | 1.97 | 0.583 | |
| D-BDF3 | 1/10 | 2.00E-03 | – | 0.473 | 2.03E-03 | – | 0.407 |
| 1/20 | 2.65E-04 | 2.92 | 0.475 | 2.66E-04 | 2.93 | 0.440 | |
| 1/40 | 3.39E-05 | 2.97 | 0.496 | 3.39E-05 | 2.97 | 0.496 | |
| 1/80 | 4.20E-06 | 3.01 | 0.611 | 4.20E-06 | 3.01 | 0.614 |
Table 4.
Temporal convergence rates for methods with and without correction terms
| Methods | CPU(s) | CPU(s) | |||
| D-Euler | 1/20 | 1.8231582E-02 | 1.010 | 1.40274270E-02 | 1.054 |
| 1/40 | 9.8461370E-03 | 2.195 | 2.16534296E-03 | 2.278 | |
| 1/80 | 5.2308982E-03 | 5.646 | 1.18484214E-03 | 5.556 | |
| 1/160 | 2.7366136E-03 | 22.973 | 6.24937949E-04 | 23.143 | |
| D-BDF2 | 1/20 | 5.3244469E-02 | 0.982 | 1.40274270E-02 | 0.998 |
| 1/40 | 3.2848868E-02 | 2.202 | 2.16534296E-03 | 2.233 | |
| 1/80 | 1.9587693E-02 | 5.452 | 2.69407811E-04 | 5.554 | |
| 1/160 | 1.1890696E-02 | 23.290 | 4.62329665E-06 | 23.297 | |
| D-BT- ( |
1/20 | 5.9360151E-02 | 0.971 | 1.40274270E-02 | 0.998 |
| 1/40 | 3.6795394E-02 | 2.226 | 2.16534295E-03 | 2.187 | |
| 1/80 | 2.1969727E-02 | 5.443 | 2.69407811E-04 | 5.579 | |
| 1/160 | 1.2752778E-02 | 23.064 | 4.62329717E-06 | 23.388 | |
| D-BN- ( |
1/20 | 5.4412292E-02 | 0.959 | 1.40274270E-02 | 1.013 |
| 1/40 | 3.3527144E-02 | 2.210 | 2.16534296E-03 | 2.199 | |
| 1/80 | 1.9922404E-02 | 5.520 | 2.69407811E-04 | 5.530 | |
| 1/160 | 1.2015071E-02 | 23.077 | 4.62329657E-06 | 23.571 |
| Methods | CPU(s) | CPU(s) | |||
| D-Euler | 1/20 | 1.8231582E-02 | 1.010 | 1.40274270E-02 | 1.054 |
| 1/40 | 9.8461370E-03 | 2.195 | 2.16534296E-03 | 2.278 | |
| 1/80 | 5.2308982E-03 | 5.646 | 1.18484214E-03 | 5.556 | |
| 1/160 | 2.7366136E-03 | 22.973 | 6.24937949E-04 | 23.143 | |
| D-BDF2 | 1/20 | 5.3244469E-02 | 0.982 | 1.40274270E-02 | 0.998 |
| 1/40 | 3.2848868E-02 | 2.202 | 2.16534296E-03 | 2.233 | |
| 1/80 | 1.9587693E-02 | 5.452 | 2.69407811E-04 | 5.554 | |
| 1/160 | 1.1890696E-02 | 23.290 | 4.62329665E-06 | 23.297 | |
| D-BT- ( |
1/20 | 5.9360151E-02 | 0.971 | 1.40274270E-02 | 0.998 |
| 1/40 | 3.6795394E-02 | 2.226 | 2.16534295E-03 | 2.187 | |
| 1/80 | 2.1969727E-02 | 5.443 | 2.69407811E-04 | 5.579 | |
| 1/160 | 1.2752778E-02 | 23.064 | 4.62329717E-06 | 23.388 | |
| D-BN- ( |
1/20 | 5.4412292E-02 | 0.959 | 1.40274270E-02 | 1.013 |
| 1/40 | 3.3527144E-02 | 2.210 | 2.16534296E-03 | 2.199 | |
| 1/80 | 1.9922404E-02 | 5.520 | 2.69407811E-04 | 5.530 | |
| 1/160 | 1.2015071E-02 | 23.077 | 4.62329657E-06 | 23.571 |
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