Bifurcation analysis in a delayed toxic-phytoplankton and zooplankton ecosystem with Monod-Haldane functional response

Zhichao Jiang; Zexian Zhang; Maoyan Jie

doi:10.3934/dcdsb.2021061

Article Contents

2022, Volume 27, Issue 2: 691-715. Doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2021061

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Bifurcation analysis in a delayed toxic-phytoplankton and zooplankton ecosystem with Monod-Haldane functional response

1.
School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang, 065000, China
2.
283 Company, Second Research Institute of the CASIC, Beijing, 100089, China
3.
Aerospace Science and Technology, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang, 065000, China

^* Corresponding author: jzhsuper@163.com
^* Corresponding author: jzhsuper@163.com

Received: August 31, 2020

Revised: December 31, 2020

Early access: February 2021

Published: February 2022

This research is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11801014), Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province from China (No. A2018409004), University Discipline Top Talent Selection and Training Program of Hebei Province from China (No. SLRC2019020) and Graduate Student Demonstration Course Construction of Hebei Province from China (No. KCJSX2020093)

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Abstract

We structure a phytoplankton zooplankton interaction system by incorporating (i) Monod-Haldane type functional response function; (ii) two delays accounting, respectively, for the gestation delay $ \tau $ of the zooplankton and the time $ \tau_1 $ required for the maturity of TPP. Firstly, we give the existence of equilibrium and property of solutions. The global convergence to the boundary equilibrium is also derived under a certain criterion. Secondly, in the case without the maturity delay $ \tau_1 $, the gestation delay $ \tau $ may lead to stability switches of the positive equilibrium. Then fixed $ \tau $ in stable interval, the effect of $ \tau_1 $ is investigated and find $ \tau_1 $ can also cause the oscillation of system. Specially, when $ \tau = \tau_1 $, under certain conditions, the periodic solution will exist with the wide range as delay away from critical value. To deal with the local stability of the positive equilibrium under a general case with all delays being positive, we use the crossing curve methods, it can obtain the stable changes of positive equilibrium in $ (\tau, \tau_1) $ plane. When choosing $ \tau $ in the unstable interval, the system still can occur Hopf bifurcation, which extends the crossing curve methods to the system exponentially decayed delay-dependent coefficients. Some numerical simulations are given to indicate the correction of the theoretical analyses.

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Mathematics Subject Classification: 34K18, 34K20, 92D25.

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Figure 1. The plots of TPP and zooplankton at equilibrium versus $ R_\tau $ when $ r = 0.8, m = 10, \alpha = 5 $ and $ L = 6 $. There is a forward bifurcation from the zooplankton free equilibrium at $ R_\tau = 1.1333 $

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Figure 2. The figures of TPP and zooplankton at equilibrium versus $ R_\tau $ when $ r = 0.3, m = 3, \alpha = 0.8, $ and $ L = 10 $. There is a backward bifurcation at $ R_\tau = 1.8167 $, which leads to the existence of multiple positive equilibria

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Figure 3. $ (\tau, \mathcal{S}_{n}(\tau))\; (n = 0, 1) $ plots

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Figure 4. $ E^* $ is stable when $ \tau = 30 $

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Figure 5. $ E^* $ is unstable when $ \tau = 54.4 $ and there exists a stable periodic solution

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Figure 6. $ E^* $ is still stable when $ \tau = 200 $

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Figure 7. $ E^* $ is stable when $ \tau = 30 $ and $ \tau_1 = 5 $

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Figure 8. $ (\nu, \mathbf{T}_n(\nu)) $ plots $ (n = 0, 1, 2) $

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Figure 9. $ E^* $ is stable for (A) and (C). $ E^* $ is unstable and there exists a stable periodic solution for (B). The bifurcation diagram showing stability switches at $ E^* $ and all global Hopf bifurcations shown in (D)

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Figure 10. Feasible region and curve $ C $ in $ (\tau, \omega) $ plane

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Figure 11. Crossing curves and crossing directions

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Figure 12. $ E^* $ is stable when $ \tau = 20 $ and $ \tau_1 = 10 $

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Figure 13. $ E^* $ is unstable and there exists a stable periodic solution when $ \tau = 80 $ and $ \tau_1 = 10 $

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Figure 14. $ E^* $ is stable when $ \tau = 180 $ and $ \tau_1 = 10 $

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Table 1. Descriptions and units of parameters of system (2)

Symbol	Parameter Definition	Unit
$ r $	Intrinsic growth rate of TPP	day$ ^{-1} $
$ L $	Environmental carrying capacity	$ g C m^{-3} $
$ \alpha $	Grazing efficiency of zooplankton	day$ ^{-1}g C m^{-3} $
$ \beta $	Growth efficiency of zooplankton	day$ ^{-1}g C m^{-3} $
$ \mu $	Natural death rate of zooplankton	day$ ^{-1} $
$ m $	Half-saturation constant	$ [g C m^{-3}]^2 $
$ \rho $	Toxin-producing rate of TPP	$ g C m^{-3} $ day$ ^{-1} $
$ \tau $	Gestation delay of zooplankton	day$ ^{-1} $
$ \tau_1 $	Delay required for the maturity of TPP	day$ ^{-1} $

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