Hopf dances near the tips of Busse balloons

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February 2012, 5(1): 61-92. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2012.5.61

Hopf dances near the tips of Busse balloons

Arjen Doelman ^1, , Jens D. M. Rademacher ^2, and Sjors van der Stelt ^3,

1.	Mathematisch Instituut, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9512, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
2.	Centrum Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI), Science Park 123, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
3.	Korteweg-de Vries Instituut, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands

Received July 2009 Revised March 2010 Published February 2011

Abstract
Related Papers

In this paper we introduce a novel generic destabilization mechanism for (reversible) spatially periodic patterns in reaction-diffusion equations in one spatial dimension. This Hopf dance mechanism occurs for long wavelength patterns near the homoclinic tip of the associated Busse balloon ($=$ the region in (wave number, parameter space) for which stable periodic patterns exist). It shows that the boundary of the Busse balloon locally has a fine-structure of two intertwining 'dancing' (or 'snaking') Hopf destabilization curves (or manifolds) that limit on the Hopf bifurcation value of the associated homoclinic limit pulse and that have infinitely many, accumulating, intersections. The Hopf dance is first recovered by a detailed numerical analysis of the full Busse balloon in an explicit Gray-Scott model. The structure, and its generic nature, is confirmed by a rigorous analysis of singular long wave length patterns in a normal form model for pulse-type solutions in two component, singularly perturbed, reaction-diffusion equations.

Keywords: stability boundaries, Reaction-diffusion system, pulses., semi-strong limit, wavetrains, numerical computation.

Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 35K57, 37L15; Secondary: 35B25, 34L1.

Citation: Arjen Doelman, Jens D. M. Rademacher, Sjors van der Stelt. Hopf dances near the tips of Busse balloons. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2012, 5 (1) : 61-92. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2012.5.61

References:

[1]	I. Aranson and L. Kramer, The world of the Ginzburg-Landau equation, Rev. Modern Phys., 74 (2002), 99-143. doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.74.99.
[2]	F. H. Busse, Nonlinear properties of thermal convection, Rep. Prog. Phys., 41 (1978), 1929-1967. doi: 10.1088/0034-4885/41/12/003.
[3]	R. L. Devaney, Reversible diffeomorphisms and flows, Trans. Am. Math. Soc., 218 (1976), 89-113. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-1976-0402815-3.
[4]	E. J. Doedel. AUTO-07P:, Continuation and bifurcation software for ordinary differential equations,, \url{http://cmvl.cs.concordia.ca/auto}., ().
[5]	A. Doelman, An explicit theory for pulses in two component singularly perturbed reaction-diffusion equations,, in preparation., ().
[6]	A. Doelman and W. Eckhaus, Periodic and quasi-periodic solutions of degenerate modulation equations, Physica D, 53 (1991), 249-266. doi: 10.1016/0167-2789(91)90065-H.
[7]	A. Doelman, R. A. Gardner and T. J. Kaper, Stability analysis of singular patterns in the 1-D Gray-Scott model: A matched asymptotics approach, Physica D, 122 (1998), 1-36. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2789(98)00180-8.
[8]	A. Doelman, R. A. Gardner and T. J. Kaper, Large stable pulse solutions in reaction-diffusion equations, Ind. Univ. Math. J., 50 (2001), 443-507. doi: 10.1512/iumj.2001.50.1873.
[9]	A. Doelman, R. A. Gardner and T. J. Kaper, A stability index analysis of 1-D patterns of the Gray-Scott model, Memoirs AMS, 155 (2002), (737).
[10]	A. Doelman, T. J Kaper and H. van der Ploeg, Spatially periodic and aperiodic multi-pulse patterns in the one-dimensional Gierer-Meinhardt equation, Meth. Appl. An., 8 (2001), 387-414.
[11]	A. Doelman, T. J. Kaper and P. Zegeling, Pattern formation in the one-dimensional Gray-Scott model, Nonlinearity, 10 (1997), 523-563. doi: 10.1088/0951-7715/10/2/013.
[12]	A. Doelman and H. van der Ploeg, Homoclinic stripe patterns, SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst., 1 (2002), 65-104. doi: 10.1137/S1111111101392831.
[13]	A. Doelman, B. Sandstede, A. Scheel and G. Schneider, The dynamics of modulated wave trains, Memoirs of the AMS, 199 (2009).
[14]	W. Eckhaus and G. Iooss, Strong selection or rejection of spatially periodic patterns in degenerate bifurcations, Physica D, 39 (1989), 124-146. doi: 10.1016/0167-2789(89)90043-2.
[15]	E. G. Eszter, "Evans Function Analysis of the Stability of Periodic Traveling Wave Solutions of the Fitzhugh-Nagumo System," PhD thesis, U. of Massachusetts in Amherst, 1999.
[16]	R. A. Gardner, On the structure of the spectra of periodic travelling waves, J. Math. Pure Appl., 72 (1993), 415-439.
[17]	R. A. Gardner, Spectral analysis of long wavelength periodic waves and applications, J. Reine Angew. Math., 491 (1997), 149-181. doi: 10.1515/crll.1997.491.149.
[18]	D. Iron and M. J. Ward, The dynamics of multi-spike solutions to the one-dimensional Gierer-Meinhardt model, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 62 (2002), 1924-1951. doi: 10.1137/S0036139901393676.
[19]	D. Iron, M. J. Ward and J. Wei, The stability of spike solutions to the one-dimensional Gierer-Meinhardt model, Physica D, 150 (2001), 25-62. doi: i:10.1016/S0167-2789(00)00206-2.
[20]	T. Kolokolnikov, M. Ward and J. Wei, The existence and stability of spike equilibria in the one-dimensional Gray-Scott model: The pulse-splitting regime, Physica D, 202 (2005), 258-293. doi: 10.1016/j.physd.2005.02.009.
[21]	T. Kolokolnikov, M. J. Ward and J. Wei, The existence and stability of spike equilibria in the one-dimensional Gray-Scott model: The low feed-rate regime, Stud. Appl. Math., 115 (2005), 21-71. doi: i:10.1111/j.1467-9590.2005.01554.
[22]	B. J. Matkowsky and V. A. Volpert, Stability of plane wave solutions of complex Ginzburg-Landau equations, Quart. Appl. Math., 51 (1993), 265-281.
[23]	A. Mielke, The Ginzburg-Landau equation in its role as modulation equation, in "Handbook of Dynamical Systems, II'' (ed. B. Fiedler), Elsevier, (2002), pp. 759-835. doi: 10.1016/S1874-575X(02)80036-4.
[24]	D. S. Morgan, A. Doelman and T. J. Kaper, Stationary periodic patterns in the 1D Gray-Scott model, Meth. Appl. Anal., 7 (2002), 105-150.
[25]	C. B. Muratov and V. V. Osipov, Traveling spike autosolitons in the Gray-Scott model, Physica D, 155 (2001), 112-131. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2789(01)00259-7.
[26]	C. Muratov and V. V. Osipov, Stability of the static spike autosolitons in the Gray-Scott model, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 62 (2002), 1463-1487. doi: 10.1137/S0036139901384285.
[27]	Y. Nishiura and D. Ueyama, A skeleton structure for self-replication dynamics, Physica D, 130 (1999), 73-104. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2789(99)00010-X.
[28]	Y. Nishiura and D. Ueyama, Spatio-temporal chaos for the Gray-Scott model, Physica D, 150 (2001), 137-162. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2789(00)00214-1.
[29]	W.-M. Ni, Diffusion, cross-diffusion, and their spike-layer steady states, Notices AMS, 45 (1998), 9-18.
[30]	M. Oh and K. Zumbrun, Stability of periodic solutions of conservation laws with viscosity: Analysis of the Evans function, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 166 (2003), 99-166. doi: 10.1007/s00205-002-0216-7.
[31]	J. E. Pearson, Complex patterns in a simple system, Science, 261 (1993), 189-192. doi: 10.1126/science.261.5118.189.
[32]	H. van der Ploeg and A. Doelman, Stability of spatially periodic pulse patterns in a class of singularly perturbed reaction-diffusion equations, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 54 (2005), 1219-1301. doi: 10.1512/iumj.2005.54.2792.
[33]	V. Petrov, S. K. Scott and K. Showalter, Excitability, wave reflection, and wave splitting in a cubic autocatalysis reaction-diffusion system, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., Series A, 347 (1994), 631-642. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1994.0071.
[34]	J. D. M. Rademacher, B. Sandstede and A. Scheel, Computing absolute and essential spectra using continuation, Physica D, 229 (2007), 166-183. doi: 10.1016/j.physd.2007.03.016.
[35]	J. D. M. Rademacher and A. Scheel, Instabilities of wave trains and Turing patterns in large domains, Int. J. Bif. Chaos, 17 (2007), 2679-2691. doi: 10.1142/S0218127407018683.
[36]	J. D. M. Rademacher and A. Scheel, The saddle-node of nearly homogeneous wave trains in reaction-diffusion systems, J. Dyn. Diff. Eq., 19 (2007), 479-496. doi: 10.1007/s10884-006-9059-5.
[37]	W. N. Reynolds, J. E. Pearson and S. Ponce-Dawson, Dynamics of self-replicating patterns in reaction diffusion systems, Phys. Rev. Lett., 72 (1994), 2797-2800. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.2797.
[38]	B. Sandstede, Stability of travelling waves, in "Handbook of Dynamical Systems, II" (ed. B. Fiedler), Elsevier, (2002), 983-1055. doi: 10.1016/S1874-575X(02)80039-X.
[39]	B. Sandstede and A. Scheel, Absolute and convective instabilities of waves on unbounded and large dounded domains, Physica D, 145 (2000), 233-277. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2789(00)00114-7.
[40]	B. Sandstede and A. Scheel, On the stability of periodic travelling waves with large spatial period, J. Diff. Eq., 172 (2001), 134-188. doi: 10.1006/jdeq.2000.3855.
[41]	A. Shepeleva, On the validity of the degenerate Ginzburg-Landau equation, Math. Methods Appl. Sci., 20 (1997), 1239-1256. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1476(19970925)20:14<1239::AID-MMA917>3.0.CO;2-O.
[42]	A. Shepeleva, Modulated modulations approach to the loss of stability of periodic solutions for the degenerate Ginzburg-Landau equation, Nonlinearity, 11 (1998), 409-429. doi: 10.1088/0951-7715/11/3/002.
[43]	M. J. Smith and J. A. Sherratt, The effects of unequal diffusion coefficients on periodic travelling waves in oscillatory reaction-diffusion systems, Physica D, 236 (2007), 90-103. doi: 10.1016/j.physd.2007.07.013.
[44]	M. J. Ward and J. Wei, Hopf bifurcations and oscillatory instabilities of spike solutions for the one-dimensional Gierer-Meinhardt model, J. Nonl. Sc., 13 (2003), 209-264. doi: 10.1007/s00332-002-0531-z.
[45]	J. Wei and M. Winter, Existence and stability of multiple-spot solutions for the Gray-Scott model in $\RR^2$, Physica D, 176 (2003), 147-180. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2789(02)00743-1.
[46]	J. Wei and M. Winter, Existence and stability analysis of asymmetric patterns for the Gierer-Meinhardt system, J. Math. Pures Appl. (9), 83 (2004), 433-476. doi: 10.1016/j.matpur.2003.09.006.

show all references

References:

[1]	I. Aranson and L. Kramer, The world of the Ginzburg-Landau equation, Rev. Modern Phys., 74 (2002), 99-143. doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.74.99.
[2]	F. H. Busse, Nonlinear properties of thermal convection, Rep. Prog. Phys., 41 (1978), 1929-1967. doi: 10.1088/0034-4885/41/12/003.
[3]	R. L. Devaney, Reversible diffeomorphisms and flows, Trans. Am. Math. Soc., 218 (1976), 89-113. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-1976-0402815-3.
[4]	E. J. Doedel. AUTO-07P:, Continuation and bifurcation software for ordinary differential equations,, \url{http://cmvl.cs.concordia.ca/auto}., ().
[5]	A. Doelman, An explicit theory for pulses in two component singularly perturbed reaction-diffusion equations,, in preparation., ().
[6]	A. Doelman and W. Eckhaus, Periodic and quasi-periodic solutions of degenerate modulation equations, Physica D, 53 (1991), 249-266. doi: 10.1016/0167-2789(91)90065-H.
[7]	A. Doelman, R. A. Gardner and T. J. Kaper, Stability analysis of singular patterns in the 1-D Gray-Scott model: A matched asymptotics approach, Physica D, 122 (1998), 1-36. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2789(98)00180-8.
[8]	A. Doelman, R. A. Gardner and T. J. Kaper, Large stable pulse solutions in reaction-diffusion equations, Ind. Univ. Math. J., 50 (2001), 443-507. doi: 10.1512/iumj.2001.50.1873.
[9]	A. Doelman, R. A. Gardner and T. J. Kaper, A stability index analysis of 1-D patterns of the Gray-Scott model, Memoirs AMS, 155 (2002), (737).
[10]	A. Doelman, T. J Kaper and H. van der Ploeg, Spatially periodic and aperiodic multi-pulse patterns in the one-dimensional Gierer-Meinhardt equation, Meth. Appl. An., 8 (2001), 387-414.
[11]	A. Doelman, T. J. Kaper and P. Zegeling, Pattern formation in the one-dimensional Gray-Scott model, Nonlinearity, 10 (1997), 523-563. doi: 10.1088/0951-7715/10/2/013.
[12]	A. Doelman and H. van der Ploeg, Homoclinic stripe patterns, SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst., 1 (2002), 65-104. doi: 10.1137/S1111111101392831.
[13]	A. Doelman, B. Sandstede, A. Scheel and G. Schneider, The dynamics of modulated wave trains, Memoirs of the AMS, 199 (2009).
[14]	W. Eckhaus and G. Iooss, Strong selection or rejection of spatially periodic patterns in degenerate bifurcations, Physica D, 39 (1989), 124-146. doi: 10.1016/0167-2789(89)90043-2.
[15]	E. G. Eszter, "Evans Function Analysis of the Stability of Periodic Traveling Wave Solutions of the Fitzhugh-Nagumo System," PhD thesis, U. of Massachusetts in Amherst, 1999.
[16]	R. A. Gardner, On the structure of the spectra of periodic travelling waves, J. Math. Pure Appl., 72 (1993), 415-439.
[17]	R. A. Gardner, Spectral analysis of long wavelength periodic waves and applications, J. Reine Angew. Math., 491 (1997), 149-181. doi: 10.1515/crll.1997.491.149.
[18]	D. Iron and M. J. Ward, The dynamics of multi-spike solutions to the one-dimensional Gierer-Meinhardt model, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 62 (2002), 1924-1951. doi: 10.1137/S0036139901393676.
[19]	D. Iron, M. J. Ward and J. Wei, The stability of spike solutions to the one-dimensional Gierer-Meinhardt model, Physica D, 150 (2001), 25-62. doi: i:10.1016/S0167-2789(00)00206-2.
[20]	T. Kolokolnikov, M. Ward and J. Wei, The existence and stability of spike equilibria in the one-dimensional Gray-Scott model: The pulse-splitting regime, Physica D, 202 (2005), 258-293. doi: 10.1016/j.physd.2005.02.009.
[21]	T. Kolokolnikov, M. J. Ward and J. Wei, The existence and stability of spike equilibria in the one-dimensional Gray-Scott model: The low feed-rate regime, Stud. Appl. Math., 115 (2005), 21-71. doi: i:10.1111/j.1467-9590.2005.01554.
[22]	B. J. Matkowsky and V. A. Volpert, Stability of plane wave solutions of complex Ginzburg-Landau equations, Quart. Appl. Math., 51 (1993), 265-281.
[23]	A. Mielke, The Ginzburg-Landau equation in its role as modulation equation, in "Handbook of Dynamical Systems, II'' (ed. B. Fiedler), Elsevier, (2002), pp. 759-835. doi: 10.1016/S1874-575X(02)80036-4.
[24]	D. S. Morgan, A. Doelman and T. J. Kaper, Stationary periodic patterns in the 1D Gray-Scott model, Meth. Appl. Anal., 7 (2002), 105-150.
[25]	C. B. Muratov and V. V. Osipov, Traveling spike autosolitons in the Gray-Scott model, Physica D, 155 (2001), 112-131. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2789(01)00259-7.
[26]	C. Muratov and V. V. Osipov, Stability of the static spike autosolitons in the Gray-Scott model, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 62 (2002), 1463-1487. doi: 10.1137/S0036139901384285.
[27]	Y. Nishiura and D. Ueyama, A skeleton structure for self-replication dynamics, Physica D, 130 (1999), 73-104. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2789(99)00010-X.
[28]	Y. Nishiura and D. Ueyama, Spatio-temporal chaos for the Gray-Scott model, Physica D, 150 (2001), 137-162. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2789(00)00214-1.
[29]	W.-M. Ni, Diffusion, cross-diffusion, and their spike-layer steady states, Notices AMS, 45 (1998), 9-18.
[30]	M. Oh and K. Zumbrun, Stability of periodic solutions of conservation laws with viscosity: Analysis of the Evans function, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 166 (2003), 99-166. doi: 10.1007/s00205-002-0216-7.
[31]	J. E. Pearson, Complex patterns in a simple system, Science, 261 (1993), 189-192. doi: 10.1126/science.261.5118.189.
[32]	H. van der Ploeg and A. Doelman, Stability of spatially periodic pulse patterns in a class of singularly perturbed reaction-diffusion equations, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 54 (2005), 1219-1301. doi: 10.1512/iumj.2005.54.2792.
[33]	V. Petrov, S. K. Scott and K. Showalter, Excitability, wave reflection, and wave splitting in a cubic autocatalysis reaction-diffusion system, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., Series A, 347 (1994), 631-642. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1994.0071.
[34]	J. D. M. Rademacher, B. Sandstede and A. Scheel, Computing absolute and essential spectra using continuation, Physica D, 229 (2007), 166-183. doi: 10.1016/j.physd.2007.03.016.
[35]	J. D. M. Rademacher and A. Scheel, Instabilities of wave trains and Turing patterns in large domains, Int. J. Bif. Chaos, 17 (2007), 2679-2691. doi: 10.1142/S0218127407018683.
[36]	J. D. M. Rademacher and A. Scheel, The saddle-node of nearly homogeneous wave trains in reaction-diffusion systems, J. Dyn. Diff. Eq., 19 (2007), 479-496. doi: 10.1007/s10884-006-9059-5.
[37]	W. N. Reynolds, J. E. Pearson and S. Ponce-Dawson, Dynamics of self-replicating patterns in reaction diffusion systems, Phys. Rev. Lett., 72 (1994), 2797-2800. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.2797.
[38]	B. Sandstede, Stability of travelling waves, in "Handbook of Dynamical Systems, II" (ed. B. Fiedler), Elsevier, (2002), 983-1055. doi: 10.1016/S1874-575X(02)80039-X.
[39]	B. Sandstede and A. Scheel, Absolute and convective instabilities of waves on unbounded and large dounded domains, Physica D, 145 (2000), 233-277. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2789(00)00114-7.
[40]	B. Sandstede and A. Scheel, On the stability of periodic travelling waves with large spatial period, J. Diff. Eq., 172 (2001), 134-188. doi: 10.1006/jdeq.2000.3855.
[41]	A. Shepeleva, On the validity of the degenerate Ginzburg-Landau equation, Math. Methods Appl. Sci., 20 (1997), 1239-1256. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1476(19970925)20:14<1239::AID-MMA917>3.0.CO;2-O.
[42]	A. Shepeleva, Modulated modulations approach to the loss of stability of periodic solutions for the degenerate Ginzburg-Landau equation, Nonlinearity, 11 (1998), 409-429. doi: 10.1088/0951-7715/11/3/002.
[43]	M. J. Smith and J. A. Sherratt, The effects of unequal diffusion coefficients on periodic travelling waves in oscillatory reaction-diffusion systems, Physica D, 236 (2007), 90-103. doi: 10.1016/j.physd.2007.07.013.
[44]	M. J. Ward and J. Wei, Hopf bifurcations and oscillatory instabilities of spike solutions for the one-dimensional Gierer-Meinhardt model, J. Nonl. Sc., 13 (2003), 209-264. doi: 10.1007/s00332-002-0531-z.
[45]	J. Wei and M. Winter, Existence and stability of multiple-spot solutions for the Gray-Scott model in $\RR^2$, Physica D, 176 (2003), 147-180. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2789(02)00743-1.
[46]	J. Wei and M. Winter, Existence and stability analysis of asymmetric patterns for the Gierer-Meinhardt system, J. Math. Pures Appl. (9), 83 (2004), 433-476. doi: 10.1016/j.matpur.2003.09.006.

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