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August & September  2019, 12(4&5): 823-836. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2019055

Uyghur morphological analysis using joint conditional random fields: Based on small scaled corpus

Ghalip Abdukerim 1,2,, , Eziz Tursun 1,2,3, , Yating Yang 1,2, and  Xiao Li 1,2,

1. 

Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physical and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
2. 

University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. 

Institute of Mathematics and Information of Hotan Teachers College, Hotan 848000, China

* Corresponding author: Ghalip Abdukerim

Received  June 2017 Revised  October 2017 Published  November 2018

As a fundamental research in the field of natural language processing, the Uyghur morphological analysis is used mainly to determine the part of speech (POS) and segmental morphemes (stem and affix) of a word in a given sentence, as well as to automatically annotate the grammatical function of the morphemes based on the context. It is necessary to provide various information for other tasks of natural language processing including syntactic analysis, machine translation, automatic summarization, and semantic analysis, etc. In order to increase the morphological analysis efficiency, this paper puts forward a hybrid approach to create a statistical model for Uyghur morphological tagging through a small-scale corpus. Experimental results show that this plan can obtain an overall accuracy of 92.58 % with a limited training corpus.

Keywords: Uyghur language, natural language processing, morphological analysis, tagging corpus, Conditional Random Fields (CRF).
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 68T50, 68U15; Secondary: 60G60.
Citation: Ghalip Abdukerim, Eziz Tursun, Yating Yang, Xiao Li. Uyghur morphological analysis using joint conditional random fields: Based on small scaled corpus. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2019, 12 (4&5) : 823-836. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2019055
References:
[1]

B. Aisha and M. Sun, A statistical method for Uyghur tokenization, in International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering, (2009), 1-5. doi: 10.1109/NLPKE.2009.5313764.

[2]

Uyghur Language, Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_language.

[3]

S. Dandapat, S. Sarkar and A. Basu, Automatic part-of-speech tagging for bengali: An approach for morphologically rich languages in a poor resource scenario, in ACL 2007, Proceedings of the Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, June 23-30, 2007, Prague, Czech Republic, 2007.

[4]

T. Ibrahim and B. Yuan, A survey on minority language information processing research and application in xinjiang, Journal of Chinese Information Processing, 6 (2011), 149-156. 

[5]

T. Klymchuk, Regularizing algorithm for mixed matrix pencils, Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, 2 (2017), 123-130. 

[6]

O. Kohonen, S. Virpioja, L. Leppanen and K. Lagus, Semi-supervised extensions to morfessor baseline, Proceedings of the Morpho Challenge 2010 Workshop, 2010.

[7]

T. Kudo, K. Yamamoto and Y. Matsumoto, Applying conditional random fields to japanese morphological analysis, in Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2004, A Meeting of Sigdat, A Special Interest Group of the Acl, Held in Conjunction with ACL 2004, 25-26 July 2004, Barcelona, Spain, 6 (2004), 230-237.

[8]

Lafferty, D. John, McCallum, Andrew, Pereira and C. N. Fernando, Conditional random fields: Probabilistic models for segmenting and labeling sequence data, 2001.

[9]

T. Litip, The possibility of handling phonetic harmony by computer in Uyghur, Journal of the Central University for Nationalities, 5 (2004), 108-113. 

[10]

A. Mairehaba, W.-B. Jiang, Z.-Y. Wang, Y. Tuergen and Q. LIU, Directed graph model of Uyghur morphological analysis, Journal of Software, 12 (2012), 3115-3129.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1001.2012.04205.

[11]

A. Mijit, N. Graham, M. Masato, M. Shinsuke, K. Tatsuya and H. Askar, Uyghur Morpheme-based Language Models and ASR, Ipsj Sig Notes, (2010), 581-584.  doi: 10.1109/ICOSP.2010.5656065.

[12]

M. Orhun, A. C. eyd Tantug and A. Esref, Rule Based Analysis of the Uyghur Nouns, International Journal on Asian Language Processing, 1 (2009), 33-44. 

[13]

L. Tohti, Modern Uyghur Reference Grammar, China Social Science Press, Beijing, 2012.

[14]

E. Tursun, D. Ganguly, T. Osman, Y. Yating, G. Abdukerim, Z. Junlin and L. Qun, A semisupervised Tag-Transition-Based markovian model for Uyghur morphology analysis, ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing (TALLIP), 16 (2016), 8-23.  doi: 10.1145/2968410.

[15]

A. Wumaier, T. Yibulayin, Z. Kadeer and S. Tian, Conditional random fields combined fsm stemming method for uyghur, in IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology, (2009), 295-299. doi: 10.1109/ICCSIT.2009.5234727.

[16]

H. Xue, Y. Yang, T. Osman, X. Li and R. Zhang, Uyghur word segmentation using a combination of rules and statistics, Advances in information Sciences and Service Sciences(AISS), 3 (2011), 105-113. 

[17]

H. Zhang, Q. Cai, W. Jiang, Y. Lv and Q. Liu, Joint voice harmony restoration and morphological segmentation for morphology analysis, Journal of Chinese Information Processing, 6 (2014), 9-17. 

[18]

L. Zhu, Y. Pan and J. Wang, Affine transformation based ontology sparse vector learning algorithm, Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, 2 (2017), 111-122.  doi: 10.21042/AMNS.2017.1.00009.

show all references

References:
[1]

B. Aisha and M. Sun, A statistical method for Uyghur tokenization, in International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering, (2009), 1-5. doi: 10.1109/NLPKE.2009.5313764.

[2]

Uyghur Language, Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_language.

[3]

S. Dandapat, S. Sarkar and A. Basu, Automatic part-of-speech tagging for bengali: An approach for morphologically rich languages in a poor resource scenario, in ACL 2007, Proceedings of the Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, June 23-30, 2007, Prague, Czech Republic, 2007.

[4]

T. Ibrahim and B. Yuan, A survey on minority language information processing research and application in xinjiang, Journal of Chinese Information Processing, 6 (2011), 149-156. 

[5]

T. Klymchuk, Regularizing algorithm for mixed matrix pencils, Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, 2 (2017), 123-130. 

[6]

O. Kohonen, S. Virpioja, L. Leppanen and K. Lagus, Semi-supervised extensions to morfessor baseline, Proceedings of the Morpho Challenge 2010 Workshop, 2010.

[7]

T. Kudo, K. Yamamoto and Y. Matsumoto, Applying conditional random fields to japanese morphological analysis, in Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2004, A Meeting of Sigdat, A Special Interest Group of the Acl, Held in Conjunction with ACL 2004, 25-26 July 2004, Barcelona, Spain, 6 (2004), 230-237.

[8]

Lafferty, D. John, McCallum, Andrew, Pereira and C. N. Fernando, Conditional random fields: Probabilistic models for segmenting and labeling sequence data, 2001.

[9]

T. Litip, The possibility of handling phonetic harmony by computer in Uyghur, Journal of the Central University for Nationalities, 5 (2004), 108-113. 

[10]

A. Mairehaba, W.-B. Jiang, Z.-Y. Wang, Y. Tuergen and Q. LIU, Directed graph model of Uyghur morphological analysis, Journal of Software, 12 (2012), 3115-3129.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1001.2012.04205.

[11]

A. Mijit, N. Graham, M. Masato, M. Shinsuke, K. Tatsuya and H. Askar, Uyghur Morpheme-based Language Models and ASR, Ipsj Sig Notes, (2010), 581-584.  doi: 10.1109/ICOSP.2010.5656065.

[12]

M. Orhun, A. C. eyd Tantug and A. Esref, Rule Based Analysis of the Uyghur Nouns, International Journal on Asian Language Processing, 1 (2009), 33-44. 

[13]

L. Tohti, Modern Uyghur Reference Grammar, China Social Science Press, Beijing, 2012.

[14]

E. Tursun, D. Ganguly, T. Osman, Y. Yating, G. Abdukerim, Z. Junlin and L. Qun, A semisupervised Tag-Transition-Based markovian model for Uyghur morphology analysis, ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing (TALLIP), 16 (2016), 8-23.  doi: 10.1145/2968410.

[15]

A. Wumaier, T. Yibulayin, Z. Kadeer and S. Tian, Conditional random fields combined fsm stemming method for uyghur, in IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology, (2009), 295-299. doi: 10.1109/ICCSIT.2009.5234727.

[16]

H. Xue, Y. Yang, T. Osman, X. Li and R. Zhang, Uyghur word segmentation using a combination of rules and statistics, Advances in information Sciences and Service Sciences(AISS), 3 (2011), 105-113. 

[17]

H. Zhang, Q. Cai, W. Jiang, Y. Lv and Q. Liu, Joint voice harmony restoration and morphological segmentation for morphology analysis, Journal of Chinese Information Processing, 6 (2014), 9-17. 

[18]

L. Zhu, Y. Pan and J. Wang, Affine transformation based ontology sparse vector learning algorithm, Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, 2 (2017), 111-122.  doi: 10.21042/AMNS.2017.1.00009.

Figure 1.  The morphological analysis result and hierarchical relationship of a Uyghur sentence
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Figure 2.  The Architecture of a semi-supervised morphological analysis based on the hybrid approach
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Figure 3.  Morphological Tag Decoding Process of Words in the Sentence
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Figure 4.  The Relationship between Parameter $\beta$ and Accuracy
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Table 1.  Feature Template of POS Tagging Model
Features Description
${{w}_{i-2}}{{pos}_{i}}$, ${{w}_{i-1}}{{pos}_{i}}$,
${{w}_{i}}{{pos}_{i}}$, ${{w}_{i+1}}{{pos}_{i}}$,
${{w}_{i+2}}{{pos}_{i}}$ Unary context features of the word
${{w}_{i-2}}{{w}_{i-1}}{{pos}_{i}}$, ${{w}_{i-1}}{{w}_{i}}{{pos}_{i}}$,
${{w}_{i}}{{w}_{i+1}}{{pos}_{i}}$, ${{w}_{i+1}}{{w}_{i+2}}{{pos}_{i}}$,
${{w}_{i-1}}{{w}_{i+1}}{{pos}_{i}}$ Binary context features of the word
$h_1(w_i){{pos}_{i}}$, $h_2(w_i){{pos}_{i}}$,
$h_3(w_i){{pos}_{i}}$,
$h_4(w_i){{pos}_{i}}$,
$h_5(w_i){{pos}_{i}}$ n characters selected from the beginning of the word
$t_1(w_i){{pos}_{i}}$, $t_2(w_i){{pos}_{i}}$, $t_3(w_i){{pos}_{i}}$,
$t_4(w_i){{pos}_{i}}$, $t_5(w_i){{pos}_{i}}$ n characters selected from the end of the word
${{pos}_{i-1}}{{pos}_{i}}$ POS tag transition feature
Table Options

Download as excel

Features Description
${{w}_{i-2}}{{pos}_{i}}$, ${{w}_{i-1}}{{pos}_{i}}$,
${{w}_{i}}{{pos}_{i}}$, ${{w}_{i+1}}{{pos}_{i}}$,
${{w}_{i+2}}{{pos}_{i}}$ Unary context features of the word
${{w}_{i-2}}{{w}_{i-1}}{{pos}_{i}}$, ${{w}_{i-1}}{{w}_{i}}{{pos}_{i}}$,
${{w}_{i}}{{w}_{i+1}}{{pos}_{i}}$, ${{w}_{i+1}}{{w}_{i+2}}{{pos}_{i}}$,
${{w}_{i-1}}{{w}_{i+1}}{{pos}_{i}}$ Binary context features of the word
$h_1(w_i){{pos}_{i}}$, $h_2(w_i){{pos}_{i}}$,
$h_3(w_i){{pos}_{i}}$,
$h_4(w_i){{pos}_{i}}$,
$h_5(w_i){{pos}_{i}}$ n characters selected from the beginning of the word
$t_1(w_i){{pos}_{i}}$, $t_2(w_i){{pos}_{i}}$, $t_3(w_i){{pos}_{i}}$,
$t_4(w_i){{pos}_{i}}$, $t_5(w_i){{pos}_{i}}$ n characters selected from the end of the word
${{pos}_{i-1}}{{pos}_{i}}$ POS tag transition feature
Table 2.  Feature Template of the Morphological Tagging Model
Features Description
${{m}_{i-2}}{{t}_{i}}$, ${{m}_{i-1}}{{t}_{i}}$, ${{m}_{i}}{{t}_{i}}$, ${{m}_{i+1}}{{t}_{i}}$, ${{m}_{i+2}}{{t}_{i}}$ Unary context features of the morpheme
${{m}_{i-2}}{{m}_{i-1}}{{t}_{i}}$, ${{m}_{i-1}}{{m}_{i}}{{t}_{i}}$, ${{m}_{i}}{{m}_{i+1}}{{t}_{i}}$,
${{m}_{i+1}}{{m}_{i+2}}{{t}_{i}}$, ${{m}_{i-1}}{{m}_{i+1}}{{t}_{i}}$ Binary context features of the morpheme
${{t}_{i-1}}{{t}_{i}}$ Morphological tag transition feature
Table Options

Download as excel

Features Description
${{m}_{i-2}}{{t}_{i}}$, ${{m}_{i-1}}{{t}_{i}}$, ${{m}_{i}}{{t}_{i}}$, ${{m}_{i+1}}{{t}_{i}}$, ${{m}_{i+2}}{{t}_{i}}$ Unary context features of the morpheme
${{m}_{i-2}}{{m}_{i-1}}{{t}_{i}}$, ${{m}_{i-1}}{{m}_{i}}{{t}_{i}}$, ${{m}_{i}}{{m}_{i+1}}{{t}_{i}}$,
${{m}_{i+1}}{{m}_{i+2}}{{t}_{i}}$, ${{m}_{i-1}}{{m}_{i+1}}{{t}_{i}}$ Binary context features of the morpheme
${{t}_{i-1}}{{t}_{i}}$ Morphological tag transition feature
Table 3.  List of Morphological Tag Candidates of Words in the Sentence
Table Options

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Table 4.  Manually Tagged Corpus Format and Content Example
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Table 5.  Details of Experimental Data
Number of sentences Number of words (including punctuation marks) Number of Uyghur words
Training set 1000 12433 10391
Development set 200 2564 2151
Test set 200 2492 2075
Table Options

Download as excel

Number of sentences Number of words (including punctuation marks) Number of Uyghur words
Training set 1000 12433 10391
Development set 200 2564 2151
Test set 200 2492 2075
Table 6.  Experimental Results
Method Accuracy (%)
Stemming Morpheme segmentation POS Overall
Tag sequence Markov model 90.18 83.25 86.17 75.13
Joint CRF model 91.98 85.79 92.7 77.95
Tag sequence Markov model, $\alpha$=0.95 92.65 88.47 88.12 79.65
Joint CRF model, $\alpha$=0.9 92.85 89.76 92.6 80.73
Table Options

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Method Accuracy (%)
Stemming Morpheme segmentation POS Overall
Tag sequence Markov model 90.18 83.25 86.17 75.13
Joint CRF model 91.98 85.79 92.7 77.95
Tag sequence Markov model, $\alpha$=0.95 92.65 88.47 88.12 79.65
Joint CRF model, $\alpha$=0.9 92.85 89.76 92.6 80.73
Table 7.  Analysis for the Influence of Filtering Rules on Morphological Tagging
Method(Joint CRF model, $\alpha$=0.9, $\beta$=0.1) Accuracy (%)
Stemming Morpheme segmentation POS Overall
Joint CRF model,
$\alpha$=0.9, $\beta$=0.1,
When filtering rules are not used		 92.85 89.76 92.6 80.73
Joint CRF model,
$\alpha$=0.9, $\beta$=0.1,
When filtering rules are used		 97.4 94.58 96.35 92.58
Tag sequence transition model,
$\alpha$=0.95,
When filtering rules are used		 94.35 93.22 94.78 91.81
Table Options

Download as excel

Method(Joint CRF model, $\alpha$=0.9, $\beta$=0.1) Accuracy (%)
Stemming Morpheme segmentation POS Overall
Joint CRF model,
$\alpha$=0.9, $\beta$=0.1,
When filtering rules are not used		 92.85 89.76 92.6 80.73
Joint CRF model,
$\alpha$=0.9, $\beta$=0.1,
When filtering rules are used		 97.4 94.58 96.35 92.58
Tag sequence transition model,
$\alpha$=0.95,
When filtering rules are used		 94.35 93.22 94.78 91.81
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