Generative imaging and image processing via generative encoder

Yong Zheng Ong; Haizhao Yang

doi:10.3934/ipi.2021060

Article Contents

2022, Volume 16, Issue 3: 525-545. Doi: 10.3934/ipi.2021060

This issue Previous Article Joint reconstruction and low-rank decomposition for dynamic inverse problems Next Article A variational saturation-value model for image decomposition: Illumination and reflectance

Generative imaging and image processing via generative encoder

Yong Zheng Ong^1, and
Haizhao Yang^2,

1.
National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, Singapore 119077
2.
Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

Received: December 31, 2020

Revised: June 30, 2021

Published: June 2022

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Abstract

This paper introduces a novel generative encoder (GE) framework for generative imaging and image processing tasks like image reconstruction, compression, denoising, inpainting, deblurring, and super-resolution. GE unifies the generative capacity of GANs and the stability of AEs in an optimization framework instead of stacking GANs and AEs into a single network or combining their loss functions as in existing literature. GE provides a novel approach to visualizing relationships between latent spaces and the data space. The GE framework is made up of a pre-training phase and a solving phase. In the former, a GAN with generator $ G $ capturing the data distribution of a given image set, and an AE network with encoder $ E $ that compresses images following the estimated distribution by $ G $ are trained separately, resulting in two latent representations of the data, denoted as the generative and encoding latent space respectively. In the solving phase, given noisy image $ x = \mathcal{P}(x^*) $, where $ x^* $ is the target unknown image, $ \mathcal{P} $ is an operator adding an addictive, or multiplicative, or convolutional noise, or equivalently given such an image $ x $ in the compressed domain, i.e., given $ m = E(x) $, the two latent spaces are unified via solving the optimization problem

$ z^* = \underset{z}{\mathrm{argmin}} \|E(G(z))-m\|_2^2+\lambda\|z\|_2^2 $

and the image $ x^* $ is recovered in a generative way via $ \hat{x}: = G(z^*)\approx x^* $, where $ \lambda>0 $ is a hyperparameter. The unification of the two spaces allows improved performance against corresponding GAN and AE networks while visualizing interesting properties in each latent space.

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Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 68U10; Secondary: 68T07.

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Figure 1. Flow of training process in GE. Step 1 and 2 forms the pre-training phase, while the remaining form the solving phase

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Figure 2. Reconstruction results on CelebA dataset

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Figure 3. Reconstruction results on Digital Rock dataset

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Figure 4. Reconstruction results on LSUN church dataset

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Figure 5. Denoising results on CelebA dataset

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Figure 6. Deblurring results on CelebA dataset

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Figure 7. Super-resolution results on CelebA dataset

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Figure 8. Inpainting results on CelebA dataset

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Figure 9. Plot of log of average MSE based on number of iterations in the solving phase

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Figure 10. Comparison of image reconstruction of detail region (red box) for original image (left). In order of comparison, from left to right, we have Original, GE, invertGAN, ConvAE

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Figure 11. Comparison of image reconstruction of detail region (red box) for original image (left). In order of comparison, from top to bottom, we have Original, GE, invertGAN, ConvAE

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Figure 12. Additional pore sample result on Digital Rock dataset

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Figure 13. Missing spectacles sample results on CelebA dataset

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Figure 14. Reconstruction results for $ 64\times 64\times 3 $ images in CelebA with GE using BEGAN instead of pGAN

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Table 1. Structure of $ E $. The decoder $ DC $ is a mirror of $ E $ using conv_transpose and upsample

layer type	layer
conv2d	$ k=[3,3,3,f],s=[1,1],a=ReLU $
maxpool2d	$ k=[1,2,2,1],s=[2,2] $
conv2d	$ k=[3,3,f,2*f],s=[1,1],a=ReLU $
maxpool2d	$ k=[1,2,2,1],s=[2,2] $
conv2d	$ k=[3,3,2f,4f],s=[1,1],a=ReLU $
maxpool2d	$ k=[1,2,2,1],s=[2,2] $
conv2d	$ k=[3,3,4f,8f],s=[1,1],a=ReLU $
maxpool2d	$ k=[1,2,2,1],s=[2,2] $
conv2d	$ k=[3,3,8f,16f],s=[1,1],a=ReLU $
maxpool2d	$ k=[1,2,2,1],s=[2,2] $
conv2d	$ k=[3,3,16f,32f],s=[1,1],a=ReLU $
maxpool2d	$ k=[1,2,2,1],s=[2,2] $
fullyconnected	$ h=256 $

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Table 2. Quantitative results comparing models for CelebA. Additionally, some FID scores reported by recent GAN papers that used CelebA $ 128\times128\times3 $ images are also presented for comparison, labelled with *

Model	MSE	SSIM	FID
CRGAN*			16.97
SSGAN*			24.36
Our pGAN			22.13
ConvAE	0.03386	0.6823$ \pm $0.051	87.71
AEGAN	0.03317	0.6907$ \pm $0.050	34.53
invertGAN	0.03529	0.7203$ \pm $0.038	19.19
GE	0.03262	0.7329$ \pm $0.025	17.42

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Table 3. Quantitative results comparing models for digital rocks. The number in brackets show the size of the latent vector in pGAN that the model is trained on. Models with same latent sizes are solved with the same pGAN weights. The same AE is used for all models

Model	MSE	PSNR
ConvAE	0.009271	20.32
invertGAN (512)	0.008185	20.86
GE (512)	0.007470	21.26
GE (256)	0.007741	21.11
GE (128)	0.007839	21.05
GE (64)	0.008499	20.70

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Table 4. Results of invertGAN, GE on spectacles. T refers to samples which produced spectacles, F refers to samples which did not. Remaining are invalid reconstructions

	InvertGAN, F	InvertGAN, T
GE, F	289	32
GE, T	157	469

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