Nonlinear dynamics from discrete time two-player status-seeking games

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October 2017, 4(4): 335-359. doi: 10.3934/jdg.2017018

Nonlinear dynamics from discrete time two-player status-seeking games

Borun Shi and Robert A. Van Gorder ^,

Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom

* Corresponding author: R. A. Van Gorder

Received January 2017 Revised July 2017 Published September 2017

We study the dynamics of two-player status-seeking games where moves are made simultaneously in discrete time. For such games, each player's utility function will depend on both non-positional goods and positional goods (the latter entering into "status"). In order to understand the dynamics of such games over time, we sample a variety of different general utility functions, such as CES, composite log-Cobb-Douglas, and King-Plosser-Rebelo utility functions (and their various simplifications). For the various cases considered, we determine asymptotic dynamics of the two-player game, demonstrating the existence of stable equilibria, periodic orbits, or chaos, and we show that the emergent dynamics will depend strongly on the utility functions employed. For periodic orbits, we provide bifurcation diagrams to show the existence or non-existence of period doubling or chaos resulting from bifurcations due to parameter shifts. In cases where multiple feasible solution branches exist at each iteration, we consider both cases where deterministic or random selection criteria are employed to select the branch used, the latter resulting in a type of stochastic game.

Keywords: Two-player games, status-seeking games, nonlinear dynamics, chaos.

Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 91A50, 91A25; Secondary: 91A05, 37G35.

Citation: Borun Shi, Robert A. Van Gorder. Nonlinear dynamics from discrete time two-player status-seeking games. Journal of Dynamics and Games, 2017, 4 (4) : 335-359. doi: 10.3934/jdg.2017018

References:

[1]	K. J. Arrow, H. B. Chenery, B. S. Minhas and R. M. Solow, Capital-labor substitution and economic efficiency, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 43 (1961), 225-250. doi: 10.2307/1927286.
[2]	M. Boldrin and L. Montrucchio, The Emergence of Dynamic Complexities in Models of Optimal Growth: The Role of Impatience, Rochester Center for Economic Research, Working Paper, 1985.
[3]	K. A. Brekke, R. B. Howarth and K. Nyborg, Status-seeking and material affluence: Evaluation the Hirsch hypothesis, Ecological Economics, 45 (2003), 29-39. doi: 10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00262-8.
[4]	A. Chao and J. B. Schor, Empirical tests of status consumption: Evidence from women's cosmetics, Journal of Economic Psychology, 19 (1998), 107-131. doi: 10.1016/S0167-4870(97)00038-X.
[5]	R. D. Congleton, Efficient status seeking: externalities and the evolution of status games, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 11 (1989), 175-190.
[6]	R.-A. Dana and L. Montrucchio, Dynamic complexity in duopoly games, Journal of Economic Theory, 40 (1986), 40-56. doi: 10.1016/0022-0531(86)90006-2.
[7]	A. Glazer and K. A. Konrad, A signaling explanation for charity, The American Economic Review, 86 (1996), 1019-1028.
[8]	N. J. Ireland, Status-seeking, income taxation and efficiency, Journal of Public Economics, 70 (1998), 99-113.
[9]	J. James, Positional goods, conspicuous consumption and the international demonstration effect reconsidered, World Development, 15 (1987), 449-462.
[10]	R. G. King, C. I. Plosser and S. T. Rebelo, Production, growth and business cycles, Journal of Monetary Economics, 21 (1988), 195-232.
[11]	R. G. King, C. I. Plosser and S. T. Rebelo, Production, growth and business cycles: Technical appendix, Real Business Cycles, (1998), 108-145. doi: 10.4324/9780203070710.ch7.
[12]	C. S. Kumru and L. Vesterlund, The effect of status on charitable giving, Journal of Public Economic Theory, 12 (2010), 709-735. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9779.2010.01471.x.
[13]	Y. A. Kuznetsov, Elements of Applied Bifurcation Theory, Springer-Verlag New York, 1995. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-2421-9.
[14]	A. Matsumoto, Controlling the Cournot-nash chaos, Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 128 (2006), 379-392. doi: 10.1007/s10957-006-9021-z.
[15]	L. Montrucchio, Optimal decisions over time and strange attractors: An analysis by the Bellman principle, Mathematical Modelling, 7 (1986), 341-352. doi: 10.1016/0270-0255(86)90055-2.
[16]	M. Papageorgiou, Technical note: Chaos may be an optimal plan, Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 119 (2003), 387-393. doi: 10.1023/B:JOTA.0000005452.22744.66.
[17]	T. Puu, Complex dynamics with three oligopolists, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 7 (1996), 2075-2081. doi: 10.1016/S0960-0779(96)00073-2.
[18]	T. Puu, The chaotic duopolists revisited, Journal of Economics Behavior and Organization, 33 (1998), 385-394. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2681(97)00064-4.
[19]	T. Puu, On the stability of Cournot equilibrium when the number of competitors increases, Journal of Economics Behavior and Organization, 66 (2008), 445-456. doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2006.06.010.
[20]	D. Rand, Exotic phenomena in games and duopoly models, Journal of Mathematical Economics, 5 (1978), 173-184. doi: 10.1016/0304-4068(78)90022-8.
[21]	M. Rauscher, Keeping up with the Joneses: Chaotic patterns in a status game, Economics Letters, 40 (1992), 287-290. doi: 10.1016/0165-1765(92)90006-K.
[22]	B. C. Snyder, R. A. Van Gorder and K. Vajravelu, Continuous-time dynamic games for the cournot adjustment process for competing oligopolists, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 219 (2013), 6400-6409. doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2012.12.078.
[23]	R. M. Solow, A contribution to the theory of economic growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70 (1956), 65-94. doi: 10.2307/1884513.
[24]	H. V. Stackbelberg, Market Structure and Equilibrium, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.
[25]	A. van Ackere and C. Haxholdt, Clubs as status symbol: Would you belong to a club that accepts you as a member?, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 36 (2002), 93-107. doi: 10.1016/S0038-0121(01)00014-3.
[26]	R. A. Van Gorder and M. R. Caputo, Envelope theorems for locally differentiable open-loop Stackelberg equilibria of finite horizon differential games, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 34 (2010), 1123-1139. doi: 10.1016/j.jedc.2010.01.016.

show all references

References:

[1]	K. J. Arrow, H. B. Chenery, B. S. Minhas and R. M. Solow, Capital-labor substitution and economic efficiency, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 43 (1961), 225-250. doi: 10.2307/1927286.
[2]	M. Boldrin and L. Montrucchio, The Emergence of Dynamic Complexities in Models of Optimal Growth: The Role of Impatience, Rochester Center for Economic Research, Working Paper, 1985.
[3]	K. A. Brekke, R. B. Howarth and K. Nyborg, Status-seeking and material affluence: Evaluation the Hirsch hypothesis, Ecological Economics, 45 (2003), 29-39. doi: 10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00262-8.
[4]	A. Chao and J. B. Schor, Empirical tests of status consumption: Evidence from women's cosmetics, Journal of Economic Psychology, 19 (1998), 107-131. doi: 10.1016/S0167-4870(97)00038-X.
[5]	R. D. Congleton, Efficient status seeking: externalities and the evolution of status games, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 11 (1989), 175-190.
[6]	R.-A. Dana and L. Montrucchio, Dynamic complexity in duopoly games, Journal of Economic Theory, 40 (1986), 40-56. doi: 10.1016/0022-0531(86)90006-2.
[7]	A. Glazer and K. A. Konrad, A signaling explanation for charity, The American Economic Review, 86 (1996), 1019-1028.
[8]	N. J. Ireland, Status-seeking, income taxation and efficiency, Journal of Public Economics, 70 (1998), 99-113.
[9]	J. James, Positional goods, conspicuous consumption and the international demonstration effect reconsidered, World Development, 15 (1987), 449-462.
[10]	R. G. King, C. I. Plosser and S. T. Rebelo, Production, growth and business cycles, Journal of Monetary Economics, 21 (1988), 195-232.
[11]	R. G. King, C. I. Plosser and S. T. Rebelo, Production, growth and business cycles: Technical appendix, Real Business Cycles, (1998), 108-145. doi: 10.4324/9780203070710.ch7.
[12]	C. S. Kumru and L. Vesterlund, The effect of status on charitable giving, Journal of Public Economic Theory, 12 (2010), 709-735. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9779.2010.01471.x.
[13]	Y. A. Kuznetsov, Elements of Applied Bifurcation Theory, Springer-Verlag New York, 1995. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-2421-9.
[14]	A. Matsumoto, Controlling the Cournot-nash chaos, Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 128 (2006), 379-392. doi: 10.1007/s10957-006-9021-z.
[15]	L. Montrucchio, Optimal decisions over time and strange attractors: An analysis by the Bellman principle, Mathematical Modelling, 7 (1986), 341-352. doi: 10.1016/0270-0255(86)90055-2.
[16]	M. Papageorgiou, Technical note: Chaos may be an optimal plan, Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 119 (2003), 387-393. doi: 10.1023/B:JOTA.0000005452.22744.66.
[17]	T. Puu, Complex dynamics with three oligopolists, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 7 (1996), 2075-2081. doi: 10.1016/S0960-0779(96)00073-2.
[18]	T. Puu, The chaotic duopolists revisited, Journal of Economics Behavior and Organization, 33 (1998), 385-394. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2681(97)00064-4.
[19]	T. Puu, On the stability of Cournot equilibrium when the number of competitors increases, Journal of Economics Behavior and Organization, 66 (2008), 445-456. doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2006.06.010.
[20]	D. Rand, Exotic phenomena in games and duopoly models, Journal of Mathematical Economics, 5 (1978), 173-184. doi: 10.1016/0304-4068(78)90022-8.
[21]	M. Rauscher, Keeping up with the Joneses: Chaotic patterns in a status game, Economics Letters, 40 (1992), 287-290. doi: 10.1016/0165-1765(92)90006-K.
[22]	B. C. Snyder, R. A. Van Gorder and K. Vajravelu, Continuous-time dynamic games for the cournot adjustment process for competing oligopolists, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 219 (2013), 6400-6409. doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2012.12.078.
[23]	R. M. Solow, A contribution to the theory of economic growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70 (1956), 65-94. doi: 10.2307/1884513.
[24]	H. V. Stackbelberg, Market Structure and Equilibrium, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.
[25]	A. van Ackere and C. Haxholdt, Clubs as status symbol: Would you belong to a club that accepts you as a member?, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 36 (2002), 93-107. doi: 10.1016/S0038-0121(01)00014-3.
[26]	R. A. Van Gorder and M. R. Caputo, Envelope theorems for locally differentiable open-loop Stackelberg equilibria of finite horizon differential games, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 34 (2010), 1123-1139. doi: 10.1016/j.jedc.2010.01.016.

Figure 1. Time series for each player from the dynamics in (7) showing examples of convergence to equilibria and period-2 cycles when $y(0) = Y(0)=0.5$, $k = 0.5$, and $\lambda$ varies under the CES utility framework. (A) For $\lambda = 0.6$, we observe convergence to equilibium quantities for both players. (B) For $\lambda = 0.7$, we observe periodic cycles

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Figure 2. Bifurcation diagrams for the dynamics from (7) starting with $y(0) = Y(0)=1/2, k = 1/2$, and obtained by varying $\lambda$ first and then a second parameter. (A) One-parameter bifurcation gives the FP-curves (black). The first and only PD occurs at $\lambda \approx 0.6293$. (B) Two-parameter bifurcation gives the PD-curve (red), period-2 arises in the region on and below the PD curve

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Figure 3. Time series plots for each player when we take a symmetric CES utility function giving dynamics (7). We set $y(0)=1/3, Y(0)=2/3, k = 0.5$, while taking (A) $\lambda=0.6$ or (B) $\lambda=0.7$. Values of fixed points of the system are the same as Figure 1, although the stability of the fixed points in the second panel precludes the period-2 dynamics seen in Figure 1

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Figure 4. Bifircation diagrams for the dynamics (7), when we have asymmetric CES utility functions for each player. Starting values are $y(0) = Y(0) = 1/2, k_1=1, k_2=0.5, \lambda_1=\lambda_2=0.7$. There will be one FP-curve and three PD-curves as generated. (A) FP-curve (black) generated by varying $k_1$ first, detecting two PD points. Three PD-curves (blue, red, green) are generated from them. (B) Two-parameter PD bifurcation are generated by varying $k_1, k_2$. (D) Two-parameter PD bifurcations are generated by varying $k_1, \lambda_1$. (D) Two-parameter PD bifurcations are generated by varying $k_1, \lambda_2$

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Figure 5. Time series for both players from the dynamics (10)-(11), when parameters are fixed at $y(0)=Y(0)=1/2, k_1=1/2, \lambda_1 = 0.8$ while $k_2$ varies. (a) When $k_2=0.5$, we find gradual convergence to 'period-2 with width-2' dynamics. Since $k_2 < 1$, the corner solution is employed for this case. (b) When $k_2=1.5$, gradual convergence to period-4 dynamics is detected

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Figure 6. One-parameter bifurcation diagrams for the dynamcis (10)-(11) starting at $y(0)=Y(0)=1/2, k_2=1.5$. (a) We fix $k_1=0.5$, and find an NS bifurcation at $\lambda_1 = 0.80491$. (b) We fix $\lambda_1=0.8$, and find NS bifurcations at both $k_1 = 0.306389$ and $k_1 = 0.48045$

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Figure 7. Time series of the dynamics from reaction curves of type (18) when $r_1 = r_2 = 5, y(0)=Y(0)=0.5$. Player 1 picks the + branch at each iteration. (a) Player 2 picks the + branch every 3 iterations. (b) Player 2 picks the + branch every 4 iterations. (c) Player 2 picks the + branch every 5 iterations. (d) Player 2 picks the + branch every 9 iterations

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Figure 8. Time series of the dynamics from reaction curves of type (18). Player 1 chooses the + branch every 3 iterations, Player 2 chooses the + branch every 5 iterations. We observe period-15 dynamics. For the parameter values, we take (a) $r_1=5, r_2=5, y(0)=Y(0)=1/2$, (b) $r_1=4, r_2=10, y(0)=Y(0)=1/2$

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Figure 9. Time series of the dynamics from reaction curves of type (18) when we take $r_1=r_2=5, y(0)=Y(0)=0.5$. Both players choose between the two optimal branches randomly at each iteration, with the probability of selecting either branch equal to $0.5$

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Figure 10. Phase portrait $(y, Y)$ of 1000 iterations of the dynamics from reaction curves of type (18), given $r_1=r_2=5, y(0)=Y(0)=1/2$. Clear structure can be observed. Only a small concentration region (note there are not exactly 4, or 16, or 64 points) of $(y, Y)$ is hit (these are denoted by the red dots). Consumptions fall into those regions immediately, and jump between them frequently (as indicated by the cobweb lines in blue)

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Figure 11. Time series of the dynamics from reaction curves of type (18) when $r_1=r_2=5, y(0)=Y(0)=0.5$. Player 1 selects optimal branches deterministically, while Player 2 selects branches randomly with probability $0.5$ for each. (a) Player 1 selects the + branch every 3 iterations, (b) Player 1 selects the + branch every 10 iterations

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Figure 12. Phase portraits of the dynamics from reaction curves of type (18) with 500 iterations, given parameter values $r_1=r_2=5, y(0)=Y(0)=0.5$. Player 2 selects branches at random (with probability $0.5$), while (a) Player 1 selects the + branch every 3 iterations, (b) Player 1 selects the + branch every 10 iterations

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Figure 13. Time series (a) and phase portrait of 100 iterations (b) of the dynamics from reaction curves of type (18) when $r_1=r_2=5, y(0)=Y(0)=0.5$. Player 1 always picks the + branch, while Player 2 chooses branches at random with probability $0.5$ for each iteration. Due to the consistency in Player 1's choices, the concentration clusters (red dots) narrow compared to what was seen in Figure 12

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Figure 14. An example of (a) two reaction curves of type (21) for both players and (b) time series showing convergence to the fixed point corresponding to the point of intersection along the reaction curves. Parameter values are $y(0)=Y(0)=1/2, r_1 = 1, r_2 = 1.5$

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Figure 15. Time series of the dynamics from reaction curves of type (18) with asymmetric status choice and parameter values $r_1=4, r_2=2, y(0)=Y(0)=1/2$. (a) Player 1 picks the + branch every 5 iterations. (b) Player 1 picks the + branch every 10 iterations. Player 2 always faces a single solution branch (21)

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Figure 16. Time series (a) and phase portrait (b) of the dynamics from reaction curves of type (18) with asymmetric status choice, given parameter values $r_1=4, r_2=2, y(0)=Y(0)=1/2$. Player 1 picks branches randomly (with a probability of $0.5$ for each branch) at each iteration, while Player 2 always faces a single solution branch (21)

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Figure 17. Time series (a) and phase portrait (b) of the dynamics from reaction curves of type (18) with asymmetric status choice, given parameter values $r_1=10, r_2=1, y(0)=Y(0)=1/2$. Player 1 picks branches randomly (with a probability of $0.5$ for each branch) at each iteration, while Player 2 always faces a single solution branch (21)

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Figure 18. Bifurcation diagrams showing routes to chaos for the difference equation (41) for (a) $\sigma =1$, (b) $\sigma =2$, (c) $\sigma =3$, (d) $\sigma =8$, (e) $\sigma = 15$, (f) $\sigma = 40$. Panel (a) corresponds to the dynamics of the system found in Rauscher [21]

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Figure 19. Bifurcation diagrams showing routes to chaos for the difference equation (46) for (a) $b = 0.3$, (b) $b = 0.4$, (c) $b = 1.5$, (d) $a = 0.5$, (e) $a = 0.8$, (f) $a = 2.0$

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