Contact homology of orbit complements and implied existence

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July 2011, 5(3): 409-472. doi: 10.3934/jmd.2011.5.409

Contact homology of orbit complements and implied existence

1.	Department of Mathematics, Purdue University, 150 N. University St. , West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States

Received November 2010 Revised October 2011 Published November 2011

Abstract
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For Reeb vector fields on closed 3-manifolds, cylindrical contact homology is used to show that the existence of a set of closed Reeb orbit with certain knotting/linking properties implies the existence of other Reeb orbits with other knotting/linking properties relative to the original set. We work out a few examples on the 3-sphere to illustrate the theory, and describe an application to closed geodesics on $S^2$ (a version of a result of Angenent in [1]).

Keywords: Reeb vector field, intersection theory., contact homology, forcing, link complement, holomorphic curves, periodic orbit.

Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 37J45; Secondary: 53D4.

Citation: Al Momin. Contact homology of orbit complements and implied existence. Journal of Modern Dynamics, 2011, 5 (3) : 409-472. doi: 10.3934/jmd.2011.5.409

References:

[1]	Sigurd B. Angenent, Curve shortening and the topology of closed geodesics on surfaces, Ann. of Math. (2), 162 (2005), 1187-1241.
[2]	Frédéric Bourgeois, Kai Cieliebak and Tobias Ekholm, A note on Reeb dynamics on the tight 3-sphere, J. Mod. Dyn., 1 (2007), 597-613. doi: 10.3934/jmd.2007.1.597.
[3]	F. Bourgeois, Y. Eliashberg, H. Hofer, K. Wysocki and E. Zehnder, Compactness results in symplectic field theory, Geom. Topol., 7 (2003), 799-888. doi: 10.2140/gt.2003.7.799.
[4]	Frédéric Bourgeois and Klaus Mohnke, Coherent orientations in symplectic field theory, Math. Z., 248 (2004), 123-146.
[5]	Frédéric Bourgeois, "A Morse-Bott Approach to Contact Homology," Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, 2002.
[6]	Frédéric Bourgeois, Contact homology and homotopy groups of the space of contact structures, Math. Res. Lett., 13 (2006), 71-85.
[7]	Andrew Cotton-Clay, Symplectic Floer homology of area-preserving surface diffeomorphisms, Geom. Topol., 13 (2009), 2619-2674.
[8]	V. Colin, P. Ghiggini, K. Honda and M. Hutchings, Sutures and contact homology I, arXiv:1004.2942, 2010.
[9]	V. Colin and K. Honda, Reeb vector fields and open book decompositions,, \arXiv{0809.5088}., ().
[10]	Vincent Colin and Ko Honda, Stabilizing the monodromy of an open book decomposition, Geom. Dedicata, 132 (2008), 95-103. doi: 10.1007/s10711-007-9165-5.
[11]	Vincent Colin, Ko Honda and François Laudenbach, On the flux of pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms, Algebr. Geom. Topol., 8 (2008), 2147-2160. doi: 10.2140/agt.2008.8.2147.
[12]	J. C. Cha and C. Livingston, Knotinfo: Table of knot invariants. Available from:, \url{http://www.indiana.edu/~knotinfo}., ().
[13]	Dragomir L. Dragnev, Fredholm theory and transversality for noncompact pseudoholomorphic maps in symplectizations, Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 57 (2004), 726-763. doi: 10.1002/cpa.20018.
[14]	Y. Eliashberg, A. Givental and H. Hofer, Introduction to symplectic field theory, GAFA 2000 (Tel Aviv, 1999), in "Geom. Funct. Anal. 2000," Special Volume, Part II, 560-673.
[15]	John B. Etnyre and Jeremy Van Horn-Morris, Fibered transverse knots and the Bennequin bound, International Mathematics Research Notices, 2011 (2011), 1483-1509.
[16]	Yakov Eliashberg, Sang Seon Kim and Leonid Polterovich, Geometry of contact transformations and domains: Orderability versus squeezing, Geom. Topol., 10 (2006), 1635-1747.
[17]	Andreas Floer, Helmut Hofer and Dietmar Salamon, Transversality in elliptic Morse theory for the symplectic action, Duke Math. J., 80 (1995), 251-292. doi: 10.1215/S0012-7094-95-08010-7.
[18]	John Franks, Geodesics on $S^2$ and periodic points of annulus homeomorphisms, Invent. Math., 108 (1992), 403-418. doi: 10.1007/BF02100612.
[19]	David Gabai, Detecting fibred links in $S^3$, Comment. Math. Helv., 61 (1986), 519-555. doi: 10.1007/BF02621931.
[20]	Hansjörg Geiges, "An Introduction to Contact Topology," Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, 109, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511611438.
[21]	E. Giroux, Géométrie de contact: De la dimension trois vers les dimensions supérieures, in "Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians," Vol. II (Beijing, 2002), Higher Ed. Press, Beijing, (2002), 405-414.
[22]	R. W. Ghrist, J. B. Van den Berg and R. C. Vandervorst, Morse theory on spaces of braids and Lagrangian dynamics, Invent. Math., 152 (2003), 369-432. doi: 10.1007/s00222-002-0277-0.
[23]	R. W. Ghrist, J. B. Van den Berg, R. C. Vandervorst and W. Wójcik, Braid Floer homology,, \arXiv{0910.0647}., ().
[24]	Matthew Hedden, An Ozsváth-Szabó Floer homology invariant of knots in a contact manifold, Adv. Math., 219 (2008), 89-117. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2008.04.007.
[25]	Umberto Hryniewicz, Al Momin and Pedro Salomão, A Poincaré-Birkhoff Theorem for Reeb flows on $S^3$,, preprint, ().
[26]	Adam Harris and Gabriel P. Paternain, Dynamically convex Finsler metrics and $J$-holomorphic embedding of asymptotic cylinders, Ann. Global Anal. Geom., 34 (2008), 115-134. doi: 10.1007/s10455-008-9111-2.
[27]	U. Hryniewicz and P. A. S. Salomão, On the existence of disk-like global sections for Reeb flows on the tight 3-sphere,, to appear in Duke Mathematical Journal., ().
[28]	Michael Hutchings, An index inequality for embedded pseudoholomorphic curves in symplectizations, J. Eur. Math. Soc. (JEMS), 4 (2002), 313-361. doi: 10.1007/s100970100041.
[29]	H. Hofer, K. Wysocki and E. Zehnder, Properties of pseudo-holomorphic curves in symplectisations. II. Embedding controls and algebraic invariants, Geom. Funct. Anal., 5 (1995), 270-328. doi: 10.1007/BF01895669.
[30]	_____, Properties of pseudoholomorphic curves in symplectisations. I. Asymptotics, Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Anal. Non Linéaire, 13 (1996), 337-379.
[31]	_____, The dynamics on three-dimensional strictly convex energy surfaces, Ann. of Math. (2), 148 (1998), 197-289.
[32]	_____, Finite energy foliations of tight three-spheres and Hamiltonian dynamics, Ann. of Math. (2), 157 (2003), 125-255.
[33]	Helmut Hofer and Eduard Zehnder, "Symplectic Invariants and Hamiltonian Dynamics," Birkhäuser Advanced Texts: Basler Lehrbücher, [Birkhäuser Advanced Texts: Basel Textbooks], Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 1994.
[34]	A. B. Katok, Ergodic perturbations of degenerate integrable Hamiltonian systems, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat., 37 (1973), 539-576.
[35]	Dusa McDuff, The local behaviour of holomorphic curves in almost complex 4-manifolds, J. Differential Geom., 34 (1991), 143-164.
[36]	Mario J. Micallef and Brian White, The structure of branch points in minimal surfaces and in pseudoholomorphic curves, Ann. of Math. (2), 141 (1995), 35-85.
[37]	Yi Ni, Knot Floer homology detects fibred knots, Invent. Math., 170 (2007), 577-608. doi: 10.1007/s00222-007-0075-9.
[38]	Matthias Schwarz, "Cohomology Operations from $S^1$-Cobordisms in Floer Homology," Ph.D. thesis, ETH Zurich, 1995.
[39]	R. Siefring, Intersection theory of punctured pseudoholomorphic curves,, to appear in Geometry & Topology, ().
[40]	Richard Siefring, Relative asymptotic behavior of pseudoholomorphic half-cylinders, Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 61 (2008), 1631-1684. doi: 10.1002/cpa.20224.
[41]	W. P. Thurston, Hyperbolic Structures on 3-manifolds, II: Surface groups and 3-manifolds which fiber over the circle, arXiv:math/9801045, 1998.
[42]	W. P. Thurston and H. E. Winkelnkemper, On the existence of contact forms, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 52 (1975), 345-347. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-1975-0375366-7.
[43]	Chris Wendl, Automatic transversality and orbifolds of punctured holomorphic curves in dimension four, Comment. Math. Helv., 85 (2010), 347-407.

show all references

References:

[1]	Sigurd B. Angenent, Curve shortening and the topology of closed geodesics on surfaces, Ann. of Math. (2), 162 (2005), 1187-1241.
[2]	Frédéric Bourgeois, Kai Cieliebak and Tobias Ekholm, A note on Reeb dynamics on the tight 3-sphere, J. Mod. Dyn., 1 (2007), 597-613. doi: 10.3934/jmd.2007.1.597.
[3]	F. Bourgeois, Y. Eliashberg, H. Hofer, K. Wysocki and E. Zehnder, Compactness results in symplectic field theory, Geom. Topol., 7 (2003), 799-888. doi: 10.2140/gt.2003.7.799.
[4]	Frédéric Bourgeois and Klaus Mohnke, Coherent orientations in symplectic field theory, Math. Z., 248 (2004), 123-146.
[5]	Frédéric Bourgeois, "A Morse-Bott Approach to Contact Homology," Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, 2002.
[6]	Frédéric Bourgeois, Contact homology and homotopy groups of the space of contact structures, Math. Res. Lett., 13 (2006), 71-85.
[7]	Andrew Cotton-Clay, Symplectic Floer homology of area-preserving surface diffeomorphisms, Geom. Topol., 13 (2009), 2619-2674.
[8]	V. Colin, P. Ghiggini, K. Honda and M. Hutchings, Sutures and contact homology I, arXiv:1004.2942, 2010.
[9]	V. Colin and K. Honda, Reeb vector fields and open book decompositions,, \arXiv{0809.5088}., ().
[10]	Vincent Colin and Ko Honda, Stabilizing the monodromy of an open book decomposition, Geom. Dedicata, 132 (2008), 95-103. doi: 10.1007/s10711-007-9165-5.
[11]	Vincent Colin, Ko Honda and François Laudenbach, On the flux of pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms, Algebr. Geom. Topol., 8 (2008), 2147-2160. doi: 10.2140/agt.2008.8.2147.
[12]	J. C. Cha and C. Livingston, Knotinfo: Table of knot invariants. Available from:, \url{http://www.indiana.edu/~knotinfo}., ().
[13]	Dragomir L. Dragnev, Fredholm theory and transversality for noncompact pseudoholomorphic maps in symplectizations, Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 57 (2004), 726-763. doi: 10.1002/cpa.20018.
[14]	Y. Eliashberg, A. Givental and H. Hofer, Introduction to symplectic field theory, GAFA 2000 (Tel Aviv, 1999), in "Geom. Funct. Anal. 2000," Special Volume, Part II, 560-673.
[15]	John B. Etnyre and Jeremy Van Horn-Morris, Fibered transverse knots and the Bennequin bound, International Mathematics Research Notices, 2011 (2011), 1483-1509.
[16]	Yakov Eliashberg, Sang Seon Kim and Leonid Polterovich, Geometry of contact transformations and domains: Orderability versus squeezing, Geom. Topol., 10 (2006), 1635-1747.
[17]	Andreas Floer, Helmut Hofer and Dietmar Salamon, Transversality in elliptic Morse theory for the symplectic action, Duke Math. J., 80 (1995), 251-292. doi: 10.1215/S0012-7094-95-08010-7.
[18]	John Franks, Geodesics on $S^2$ and periodic points of annulus homeomorphisms, Invent. Math., 108 (1992), 403-418. doi: 10.1007/BF02100612.
[19]	David Gabai, Detecting fibred links in $S^3$, Comment. Math. Helv., 61 (1986), 519-555. doi: 10.1007/BF02621931.
[20]	Hansjörg Geiges, "An Introduction to Contact Topology," Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, 109, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511611438.
[21]	E. Giroux, Géométrie de contact: De la dimension trois vers les dimensions supérieures, in "Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians," Vol. II (Beijing, 2002), Higher Ed. Press, Beijing, (2002), 405-414.
[22]	R. W. Ghrist, J. B. Van den Berg and R. C. Vandervorst, Morse theory on spaces of braids and Lagrangian dynamics, Invent. Math., 152 (2003), 369-432. doi: 10.1007/s00222-002-0277-0.
[23]	R. W. Ghrist, J. B. Van den Berg, R. C. Vandervorst and W. Wójcik, Braid Floer homology,, \arXiv{0910.0647}., ().
[24]	Matthew Hedden, An Ozsváth-Szabó Floer homology invariant of knots in a contact manifold, Adv. Math., 219 (2008), 89-117. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2008.04.007.
[25]	Umberto Hryniewicz, Al Momin and Pedro Salomão, A Poincaré-Birkhoff Theorem for Reeb flows on $S^3$,, preprint, ().
[26]	Adam Harris and Gabriel P. Paternain, Dynamically convex Finsler metrics and $J$-holomorphic embedding of asymptotic cylinders, Ann. Global Anal. Geom., 34 (2008), 115-134. doi: 10.1007/s10455-008-9111-2.
[27]	U. Hryniewicz and P. A. S. Salomão, On the existence of disk-like global sections for Reeb flows on the tight 3-sphere,, to appear in Duke Mathematical Journal., ().
[28]	Michael Hutchings, An index inequality for embedded pseudoholomorphic curves in symplectizations, J. Eur. Math. Soc. (JEMS), 4 (2002), 313-361. doi: 10.1007/s100970100041.
[29]	H. Hofer, K. Wysocki and E. Zehnder, Properties of pseudo-holomorphic curves in symplectisations. II. Embedding controls and algebraic invariants, Geom. Funct. Anal., 5 (1995), 270-328. doi: 10.1007/BF01895669.
[30]	_____, Properties of pseudoholomorphic curves in symplectisations. I. Asymptotics, Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Anal. Non Linéaire, 13 (1996), 337-379.
[31]	_____, The dynamics on three-dimensional strictly convex energy surfaces, Ann. of Math. (2), 148 (1998), 197-289.
[32]	_____, Finite energy foliations of tight three-spheres and Hamiltonian dynamics, Ann. of Math. (2), 157 (2003), 125-255.
[33]	Helmut Hofer and Eduard Zehnder, "Symplectic Invariants and Hamiltonian Dynamics," Birkhäuser Advanced Texts: Basler Lehrbücher, [Birkhäuser Advanced Texts: Basel Textbooks], Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 1994.
[34]	A. B. Katok, Ergodic perturbations of degenerate integrable Hamiltonian systems, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat., 37 (1973), 539-576.
[35]	Dusa McDuff, The local behaviour of holomorphic curves in almost complex 4-manifolds, J. Differential Geom., 34 (1991), 143-164.
[36]	Mario J. Micallef and Brian White, The structure of branch points in minimal surfaces and in pseudoholomorphic curves, Ann. of Math. (2), 141 (1995), 35-85.
[37]	Yi Ni, Knot Floer homology detects fibred knots, Invent. Math., 170 (2007), 577-608. doi: 10.1007/s00222-007-0075-9.
[38]	Matthias Schwarz, "Cohomology Operations from $S^1$-Cobordisms in Floer Homology," Ph.D. thesis, ETH Zurich, 1995.
[39]	R. Siefring, Intersection theory of punctured pseudoholomorphic curves,, to appear in Geometry & Topology, ().
[40]	Richard Siefring, Relative asymptotic behavior of pseudoholomorphic half-cylinders, Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 61 (2008), 1631-1684. doi: 10.1002/cpa.20224.
[41]	W. P. Thurston, Hyperbolic Structures on 3-manifolds, II: Surface groups and 3-manifolds which fiber over the circle, arXiv:math/9801045, 1998.
[42]	W. P. Thurston and H. E. Winkelnkemper, On the existence of contact forms, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 52 (1975), 345-347. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-1975-0375366-7.
[43]	Chris Wendl, Automatic transversality and orbifolds of punctured holomorphic curves in dimension four, Comment. Math. Helv., 85 (2010), 347-407.

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