American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

Advanced
December  2020, 13(6): 1219-1242. doi: 10.3934/krm.2020044

An anisotropic interaction model with collision avoidance

Claudia Totzeck ,

University of Mannheim, School of Business Informatics and Mathematics, 68159 Mannheim, Germany

* Corresponding author: Claudia Totzeck

Received  December 2019 Revised  July 2020 Published  December 2020 Early access  September 2020

In this article an anisotropic interaction model avoiding collisions is proposed. Starting point is a general isotropic interacting particle system, as used for swarming or follower-leader dynamics. An anisotropy is induced by rotation of the force vector resulting from the interaction of two agents. In this way the anisotropy is leading to a smooth evasion behaviour. In fact, the proposed model generalizes the standard models, and compensates their drawback of not being able to avoid collisions. Moreover, the model allows for formal passage to the limit 'number of particles to infinity', leading to a mesoscopic description in the mean-field sense. Possible applications are autonomous traffic, swarming or pedestrian motion. Here, we focus on the latter, as the model is validated numerically using two scenarios in pedestrian dynamics. The first one investigates the pattern formation in a channel, where two groups of pedestrians are walking in opposite directions. The second experiment considers a crossing with one group walking from left to right and the other one from bottom to top. The well-known pattern of lanes in the channel and travelling waves at the crossing can be reproduced with the help of this anisotropic model at both, the microscopic and the mesoscopic level. In addition, the 'right-before-left' and 'left-before-right' rule appear intrinsically for different anisotropy parameters.

Keywords: Mathematical modeling, anisotropic interaction, particle systems, mean-field limit, numerical simulations, pedestrian dynamics.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 93A16, 82C22, 35Q83; Secondary: 37M05.
Citation: Claudia Totzeck. An anisotropic interaction model with collision avoidance. Kinetic and Related Models, 2020, 13 (6) : 1219-1242. doi: 10.3934/krm.2020044
References:
[1]

G. Albi, M. Bongini, E. Cristiani and D. Kalise, Invisible control of self-organizing agents leaving unknown environments, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 76 (2016), 1683-1710.  doi: 10.1137/15M1017016.

[2]

G. Albi and L. Pareschi, Modeling self-organized systems interacting with few individuals: From microscopic to macroscopic dynamics, Appl. Math. Letters, 26 (2013), 391-401.  doi: 10.1016/j.aml.2012.10.011.

[3]

C. Appert-Rolland, J. Cividini, H. J. Hilhorst and P. Degond, Pedestrian flows: From individuals to crowds, Transportation Research Procedia, 2 (2014), 468-476.  doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.062.

[4]

R. Bailo, J. A. Carrillo and P. Degond, Pedestrian models based on rational behaviour, in Crowd Dynamics, Volume 1: Theory, Models, and Safety Problems (eds. L. Gibelli and N. Bellomo), Springer Internat. Publishing, (2018), 259–292.

[5]

N. Bellomo, P. Degond and E. Tadmor, Active Particles, Volume 1, Birkhäuser, Basel, 2017. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-49996-3.

[6]

N. W. F. Bode and E. A. Codling, Statistical models for pedestrian behaviour in front of bottlenecks, in Traffic and Granular Flow'15 (eds. V. Knoop and W. Daamen) Springer, Cham (2016), 81–88. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-33482-0_11.

[7]

N. W. F. Bode and E. Ronchi, Statistical model fitting and model selection in pedestrian dynamics research, Collective Dynamics, 4 (2019), 1-32.  doi: 10.17815/CD.2019.20.

[8]

R. Borsche and A. Meurer, Microscopic and macroscopic models for coupled car traffic and pedestiran flow, Journal Computational and Applied Mathematics, 348 (2019), 356-382.  doi: 10.1016/j.cam.2018.08.037.

[9]

R. Borsche, A. Klar, S. Kühn and A. Meurer, Coupling traffic flow networks to pedestrian motion, Math. Mod. Meth. Appl. Sci., 24 (2014), 359-380.  doi: 10.1142/S0218202513400113.

[10]

M. Burger, M. Di Francesco, P. A. Markowich and M.-T. Wolfram, Mean field games with nonlinear mobilities in pedestrian dynamics, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. B, 19 (2014), 1311-1333.  doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2014.19.1311.

[11]

M. Burger, B. Düring, L. M. Kreusser, P. A. Markowich and C.-B. Schönlieb, Pattern formation of a nonlocal, anisotropic interaction model, Math. Mod. Meth. Appl. Sci., 28 (2018), 409-451.  doi: 10.1142/S0218202518500112.

[12]

M. Burger, S. Hittmeir, H. Ranetbauer and M.-T. Wolfram, Lane formation by side-stepping, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 48 (2016), 981-1005.  doi: 10.1137/15M1033174.

[13]

M. Burger, R. Pinnau, C. Totzeck, O. Tse and A. Roth, Instantaneous Control of interacting particle systems in the mean-field limit, J. Comp. Phys., 405 (2020), 109181. doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2019.109181.

[14]

J. A. Carrillo, Y.-P. Choi and M. Hauray, The derivation of swarming models: Mean-field limit and Wasserstein distances, in Collective dynamics from bacteria to crowds (eds. A. Muntean, F. Toschi), Springer, (2014), 1–46. doi: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1785-9_1.

[15]

J. A. Carrillo, Y.-P. Choi, C. Totzeck and O. Tse, An analytical framework for consensus-based global optimization method, Math. Mod. Meth. Appl. Sci., 28 (2018), 1037-1066.  doi: 10.1142/S0218202518500276.

[16]

J. A. Carrillo, B. Düring, L. M. Kreusser and C.-B. Schönlieb, Stability analysis of line patterns of an anisotropic interaction model, SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Sys., 18 (2019), 1798-1845.  doi: 10.1137/18M1181638.

[17]

J. A. Carrillo, M. Fornasier, G. Toscani and F. Vecil, Particle, kinetic, and hydrodynamic models of swarming, in Mathematical Modeling of Collective Behavior in Socio-Economic and Life Sciences (eds. G. Naldi, L. Pareschi, G. Toscani), Birkhäuser Boston, (2010), 297–336. doi: 10.1007/978-0-8176-4946-3_12.

[18]

J. A. Carrillo, A. Klar and A. Roth, Single to double mill small noise transition via semi-lagrangian finite volume methods, Comm. Math. Sci., 14 (2016), 1111-1136.  doi: 10.4310/CMS.2016.v14.n4.a12.

[19]

J. A. Carrillo, S. Martin and M.-T. Wolfram, An improved version of the Hughes model for pedestrian flow, Math. Models Meth. Appl. Sci., 26 (2016), 671-697.  doi: 10.1142/S0218202516500147.

[20]

J. Cividini, C. Appert-Rolland and H. J. Hilhorst, Diagonal patterns and chevron effect in intersecting traffic flows, EPL, 102 (2013), 20002. doi: 10.1209/0295-5075/102/20002.

[21]

E. Cristiani and D. Peri, Handling obstacles in pedestrian simulations: Models and optimization, Appl. Math. Mod., 45 (2017), 285-302.  doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2016.12.020.

[22]

E. Cristiani, B. Piccoli and A. Tosin, Multiscale Modeling of Pedestrian Dynamics, Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, 2014. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-06620-2.

[23]

E. Cristiani, F. S. Priuli and A. Tosin, Modeling rationality to control self-organization of crowds: An environmental approach, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 75 (2015), 605-629.  doi: 10.1137/140962413.

[24]

P. Degond, C. Appert-Rolland, M. Moussaid, J. Pettré and G. Theraulaz, A hierarchy of heuristic-based models of crowd dynamics, J. Statistical Physics, 152 (2013), 1033-1068.  doi: 10.1007/s10955-013-0805-x.

[25]

P. Degond, C. Appert-Rolland, J. Pettreé and G. Theraulaz, Vision-based macroscopic pedestrian models, Kin. Rel. Models, 6 (2013), 809-839.  doi: 10.3934/krm.2013.6.809.

[26]

P. Degond, A. Frouvelle and S. Merino-Aceituno, A new flocking model through body attitude coordination, Math. Mod. Meth. Appl. Sci., 27 (2017), 1005-1049.  doi: 10.1142/S0218202517400085.

[27]

P. Degond and S. Motsch, Continuum limit of self-driven particles with orientation interaction, Math. Mod. Meth. Appl. Sci., 18 (2008), 1193-1215.  doi: 10.1142/S0218202508003005.

[28]

M. Di Francesco, P. A. Markowich, J.-F. Pietschmann and M.-T. Wolfram, On the Hughes' model for pedestrian flow: The one dimensional case, J. Differential Equations, 250 (2011), 1334-1362.  doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2010.10.015.

[29]

M. R. D'Orsogna, Y. L. Chuang, A. L. Bertozzi and L. S. Chayes, Self-propelled particles with soft-core interactions: Patterns, stability, and collapse, Phys. Rev. Lett., 96 (2006), 104302. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.104302.

[30]

B. Düring, C. Gottschlich, S. Huckemann, L. M. Kreusser and C. -B.Schönlieb, An anisotropic interaction model for simulating fingerprints, J. Math. Biol., 78 (2019), 2171-2206.  doi: 10.1007/s00285-019-01338-3.

[31]

J. H. M. Evers, R. C. Fetecau and L. Ryzhik, Anisotropic interactions in a first-order aggregation model, Nonlinearity, 28 (2015), 2847. doi: 10.1088/0951-7715/28/8/2847.

[32]

J. H. M. Evers, R. C. Fetecau and W. Sun, Small intertia regularization of an anisotropic aggregation model, Math. Mod. Meth. Appl. Sci., 27 (2017), 1795-1842.  doi: 10.1142/S0218202517500324.

[33]

A. Festa, A. Tosin and M.-T. Wolfram, Kinetic description of collision avoidance in pedestrian crowds by sidestepping, Kinet. Relat. Models, 11 (2018), 491-520.  doi: 10.3934/krm.2018022.

[34]

L. Gibelli and N. Bellomo, Crowd Dynamics, Volume 1, Birkhäuser, Cham, 2018. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-05129-7.

[35]

F. Golse, The mean-field limit for the dynamics of large particle systems, Journées équations aux dérivées partielles, 9 (2003), 1–47.

[36]

S. N. Gomes, A. M. Stuart and M.-T. Wolfram, Parameter estimation for macroscopic pedestrian dynamics models from microscopic data, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 79 (2019), 1475-1500.  doi: 10.1137/18M1215980.

[37]

D. Helbing, A mathematical model for the behavior of pedestrians, Behav. Sci., 36 (1991), 298-310.  doi: 10.1002/bs.3830360405.

[38]

D. Helbing, L. Buzna, A. Johansson and T. Werner, Self-organized pedestrian crowd dynamics: Experiments, simulations, and design solutions, Transp. Sci., 39 (2005), 1-24.  doi: 10.1287/trsc.1040.0108.

[39]

D. Helbing, I. J. Farkas and T. Vicsek, Simulating dynamical features of escape panic, Nature, 407 (2000), 487-490.  doi: 10.1038/35035023.

[40]

D. Helbing, A. Johansson and H. Z. Al-Abideen, Dynamics of crowd disasters: An empirical study, Phys. Rev. E, 75 (2007), 046109. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.75.046109.

[41]

D. Helbing and P. Molnár, Social force model for pedestiran dynamics, Phys. Rev. E, 51 (1995), 4282-4286.  doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.51.4282.

[42]

S. Hittmeir, H. Ranetbauer, C. Schmeiser and M.-T. Wolfram, Derivation and analysis of continuum models for crossing pedestrian traffic, Math. Meth. Appl. Sci., 27 (2017), 1301-1325.  doi: 10.1142/S0218202517400164.

[43]

P.-E. Jabin, A review of the mean field limits for Vlasov equations, Kin. Rel. Mod., 7 (2014), 661-711.  doi: 10.3934/krm.2014.7.661.

[44]

A. Klar, P. Reuterswärd and M. Seaïd, A semi-lagrangian method for a Fokker-Planck equation describing fiber dynamics, J. Sci. Comp., 38 (2009), 349-367.  doi: 10.1007/s10915-008-9244-2.

[45] R. J. LeVeque, Finite Volume Methods for Hyperbolic Problems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002.  doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511791253.
[46]

N. K. Mahato, A. Klar and S. Tiwari, A meshfree particle method for a vision-based macroscopic pedestrian model, Int. J. Adv. Eng. Sci. Appl. Math., 10 (2018), 41-53.  doi: 10.1007/s12572-018-0204-2.

[47]

S. Motsch and E. Tadmor, Heterophilious dynamics enhances consensus, SIAM Rev., 56 (2014), 577-621.  doi: 10.1137/120901866.

[48]

L. L. Obsu, A. Meurer, S. M. Kassa and A. Klar, Modelling pedestrians' impact on the performance of a roundabout, Neural Parallel Sci. Comput., 24 (2016), 317-334. 

[49]

B. Piccoli and A. Tosin, Pedestrian flows in bounded domains with obstacles, Continuum Mech. Thermodyn., 21 (2009), 85-107.  doi: 10.1007/s00161-009-0100-x.

[50]

R. Pinnau, C. Totzeck, O. Tse and S. Martin, A consensus-based model for global optimization and its mean-field limit, Math. Mod. Meth. Appl. Sci., 27 (2017), 183-204.  doi: 10.1142/S0218202517400061.

[51]

A. Quarteroni and A. Valli, Numerical Approximation of Partial Differential Equations, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-85268-1.

[52]

S. Roy, A. Borzí and A. Habbal, Pedestrian motion modelled by Fokker–Planck Nash games, R. Soc. Open Sci., 4 (2017), 170648. doi: 10.1098/rsos.170648.

[53]

A. Sieben, J. Schumann and A. Seyfried, Collective phenomena in crowds-where pedestrian dynamics need social psychology, PLoS one, 12 (2017), e0177328. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177328.

[54]

E. Sonnendrücker, J. Roche, P. Bertrand and A. Ghizzo, The semi-Lagrangian method for the numerical resolution of the Vlasov equation, J. Comp. Phys., 149 (1999), 201-220.  doi: 10.1006/jcph.1998.6148.

[55]

C. Taylor, C. Luzzi and C. Nowzari, On the Effects of Collision Avoidance on Emergent Swarm Behavior, in 2020 American Control Conference (ACC) (2020), 931-936. doi: 10.23919/ACC45564.2020.9147834.

[56]

M. Twarogowska, P. Goatin and R. Duvigneau, Numerical study of macroscopic pedestrian flow models, Appl. Math. Mod., 24 (2014), 5781-5795. 

[57]

B. Van Leer, Towards the ultimate conservative difference scheme, J. Comp. Phys., 135 (1997), 227-248.  doi: 10.1006/jcph.1997.5757.

[58]

T. Vicsek, A. Czirok, E. Ben-Jacob, I. Cohen and O. Shochet, Novel type of phase transition in a system of self-driven particles, Phys. Rev. Lett., 75 (1995), 1226-1229.  doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1226.

[59]

D. Yanagisawa, A. Kimura, A. Tomoeda, R. Nishi, Y. Suma, K. Ohtsuka and K. Nishinari, Introduction of frictional and turning function for pedestrian outflow with an obstacle, Phys. Rev. E, 80 (2009), 036110. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.80.036110.

show all references

References:
[1]

G. Albi, M. Bongini, E. Cristiani and D. Kalise, Invisible control of self-organizing agents leaving unknown environments, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 76 (2016), 1683-1710.  doi: 10.1137/15M1017016.

[2]

G. Albi and L. Pareschi, Modeling self-organized systems interacting with few individuals: From microscopic to macroscopic dynamics, Appl. Math. Letters, 26 (2013), 391-401.  doi: 10.1016/j.aml.2012.10.011.

[3]

C. Appert-Rolland, J. Cividini, H. J. Hilhorst and P. Degond, Pedestrian flows: From individuals to crowds, Transportation Research Procedia, 2 (2014), 468-476.  doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.062.

[4]

R. Bailo, J. A. Carrillo and P. Degond, Pedestrian models based on rational behaviour, in Crowd Dynamics, Volume 1: Theory, Models, and Safety Problems (eds. L. Gibelli and N. Bellomo), Springer Internat. Publishing, (2018), 259–292.

[5]

N. Bellomo, P. Degond and E. Tadmor, Active Particles, Volume 1, Birkhäuser, Basel, 2017. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-49996-3.

[6]

N. W. F. Bode and E. A. Codling, Statistical models for pedestrian behaviour in front of bottlenecks, in Traffic and Granular Flow'15 (eds. V. Knoop and W. Daamen) Springer, Cham (2016), 81–88. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-33482-0_11.

[7]

N. W. F. Bode and E. Ronchi, Statistical model fitting and model selection in pedestrian dynamics research, Collective Dynamics, 4 (2019), 1-32.  doi: 10.17815/CD.2019.20.

[8]

R. Borsche and A. Meurer, Microscopic and macroscopic models for coupled car traffic and pedestiran flow, Journal Computational and Applied Mathematics, 348 (2019), 356-382.  doi: 10.1016/j.cam.2018.08.037.

[9]

R. Borsche, A. Klar, S. Kühn and A. Meurer, Coupling traffic flow networks to pedestrian motion, Math. Mod. Meth. Appl. Sci., 24 (2014), 359-380.  doi: 10.1142/S0218202513400113.

[10]

M. Burger, M. Di Francesco, P. A. Markowich and M.-T. Wolfram, Mean field games with nonlinear mobilities in pedestrian dynamics, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. B, 19 (2014), 1311-1333.  doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2014.19.1311.

[11]

M. Burger, B. Düring, L. M. Kreusser, P. A. Markowich and C.-B. Schönlieb, Pattern formation of a nonlocal, anisotropic interaction model, Math. Mod. Meth. Appl. Sci., 28 (2018), 409-451.  doi: 10.1142/S0218202518500112.

[12]

M. Burger, S. Hittmeir, H. Ranetbauer and M.-T. Wolfram, Lane formation by side-stepping, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 48 (2016), 981-1005.  doi: 10.1137/15M1033174.

[13]

M. Burger, R. Pinnau, C. Totzeck, O. Tse and A. Roth, Instantaneous Control of interacting particle systems in the mean-field limit, J. Comp. Phys., 405 (2020), 109181. doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2019.109181.

[14]

J. A. Carrillo, Y.-P. Choi and M. Hauray, The derivation of swarming models: Mean-field limit and Wasserstein distances, in Collective dynamics from bacteria to crowds (eds. A. Muntean, F. Toschi), Springer, (2014), 1–46. doi: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1785-9_1.

[15]

J. A. Carrillo, Y.-P. Choi, C. Totzeck and O. Tse, An analytical framework for consensus-based global optimization method, Math. Mod. Meth. Appl. Sci., 28 (2018), 1037-1066.  doi: 10.1142/S0218202518500276.

[16]

J. A. Carrillo, B. Düring, L. M. Kreusser and C.-B. Schönlieb, Stability analysis of line patterns of an anisotropic interaction model, SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Sys., 18 (2019), 1798-1845.  doi: 10.1137/18M1181638.

[17]

J. A. Carrillo, M. Fornasier, G. Toscani and F. Vecil, Particle, kinetic, and hydrodynamic models of swarming, in Mathematical Modeling of Collective Behavior in Socio-Economic and Life Sciences (eds. G. Naldi, L. Pareschi, G. Toscani), Birkhäuser Boston, (2010), 297–336. doi: 10.1007/978-0-8176-4946-3_12.

[18]

J. A. Carrillo, A. Klar and A. Roth, Single to double mill small noise transition via semi-lagrangian finite volume methods, Comm. Math. Sci., 14 (2016), 1111-1136.  doi: 10.4310/CMS.2016.v14.n4.a12.

[19]

J. A. Carrillo, S. Martin and M.-T. Wolfram, An improved version of the Hughes model for pedestrian flow, Math. Models Meth. Appl. Sci., 26 (2016), 671-697.  doi: 10.1142/S0218202516500147.

[20]

J. Cividini, C. Appert-Rolland and H. J. Hilhorst, Diagonal patterns and chevron effect in intersecting traffic flows, EPL, 102 (2013), 20002. doi: 10.1209/0295-5075/102/20002.

[21]

E. Cristiani and D. Peri, Handling obstacles in pedestrian simulations: Models and optimization, Appl. Math. Mod., 45 (2017), 285-302.  doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2016.12.020.

[22]

E. Cristiani, B. Piccoli and A. Tosin, Multiscale Modeling of Pedestrian Dynamics, Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, 2014. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-06620-2.

[23]

E. Cristiani, F. S. Priuli and A. Tosin, Modeling rationality to control self-organization of crowds: An environmental approach, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 75 (2015), 605-629.  doi: 10.1137/140962413.

[24]

P. Degond, C. Appert-Rolland, M. Moussaid, J. Pettré and G. Theraulaz, A hierarchy of heuristic-based models of crowd dynamics, J. Statistical Physics, 152 (2013), 1033-1068.  doi: 10.1007/s10955-013-0805-x.

[25]

P. Degond, C. Appert-Rolland, J. Pettreé and G. Theraulaz, Vision-based macroscopic pedestrian models, Kin. Rel. Models, 6 (2013), 809-839.  doi: 10.3934/krm.2013.6.809.

[26]

P. Degond, A. Frouvelle and S. Merino-Aceituno, A new flocking model through body attitude coordination, Math. Mod. Meth. Appl. Sci., 27 (2017), 1005-1049.  doi: 10.1142/S0218202517400085.

[27]

P. Degond and S. Motsch, Continuum limit of self-driven particles with orientation interaction, Math. Mod. Meth. Appl. Sci., 18 (2008), 1193-1215.  doi: 10.1142/S0218202508003005.

[28]

M. Di Francesco, P. A. Markowich, J.-F. Pietschmann and M.-T. Wolfram, On the Hughes' model for pedestrian flow: The one dimensional case, J. Differential Equations, 250 (2011), 1334-1362.  doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2010.10.015.

[29]

M. R. D'Orsogna, Y. L. Chuang, A. L. Bertozzi and L. S. Chayes, Self-propelled particles with soft-core interactions: Patterns, stability, and collapse, Phys. Rev. Lett., 96 (2006), 104302. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.104302.

[30]

B. Düring, C. Gottschlich, S. Huckemann, L. M. Kreusser and C. -B.Schönlieb, An anisotropic interaction model for simulating fingerprints, J. Math. Biol., 78 (2019), 2171-2206.  doi: 10.1007/s00285-019-01338-3.

[31]

J. H. M. Evers, R. C. Fetecau and L. Ryzhik, Anisotropic interactions in a first-order aggregation model, Nonlinearity, 28 (2015), 2847. doi: 10.1088/0951-7715/28/8/2847.

[32]

J. H. M. Evers, R. C. Fetecau and W. Sun, Small intertia regularization of an anisotropic aggregation model, Math. Mod. Meth. Appl. Sci., 27 (2017), 1795-1842.  doi: 10.1142/S0218202517500324.

[33]

A. Festa, A. Tosin and M.-T. Wolfram, Kinetic description of collision avoidance in pedestrian crowds by sidestepping, Kinet. Relat. Models, 11 (2018), 491-520.  doi: 10.3934/krm.2018022.

[34]

L. Gibelli and N. Bellomo, Crowd Dynamics, Volume 1, Birkhäuser, Cham, 2018. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-05129-7.

[35]

F. Golse, The mean-field limit for the dynamics of large particle systems, Journées équations aux dérivées partielles, 9 (2003), 1–47.

[36]

S. N. Gomes, A. M. Stuart and M.-T. Wolfram, Parameter estimation for macroscopic pedestrian dynamics models from microscopic data, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 79 (2019), 1475-1500.  doi: 10.1137/18M1215980.

[37]

D. Helbing, A mathematical model for the behavior of pedestrians, Behav. Sci., 36 (1991), 298-310.  doi: 10.1002/bs.3830360405.

[38]

D. Helbing, L. Buzna, A. Johansson and T. Werner, Self-organized pedestrian crowd dynamics: Experiments, simulations, and design solutions, Transp. Sci., 39 (2005), 1-24.  doi: 10.1287/trsc.1040.0108.

[39]

D. Helbing, I. J. Farkas and T. Vicsek, Simulating dynamical features of escape panic, Nature, 407 (2000), 487-490.  doi: 10.1038/35035023.

[40]

D. Helbing, A. Johansson and H. Z. Al-Abideen, Dynamics of crowd disasters: An empirical study, Phys. Rev. E, 75 (2007), 046109. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.75.046109.

[41]

D. Helbing and P. Molnár, Social force model for pedestiran dynamics, Phys. Rev. E, 51 (1995), 4282-4286.  doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.51.4282.

[42]

S. Hittmeir, H. Ranetbauer, C. Schmeiser and M.-T. Wolfram, Derivation and analysis of continuum models for crossing pedestrian traffic, Math. Meth. Appl. Sci., 27 (2017), 1301-1325.  doi: 10.1142/S0218202517400164.

[43]

P.-E. Jabin, A review of the mean field limits for Vlasov equations, Kin. Rel. Mod., 7 (2014), 661-711.  doi: 10.3934/krm.2014.7.661.

[44]

A. Klar, P. Reuterswärd and M. Seaïd, A semi-lagrangian method for a Fokker-Planck equation describing fiber dynamics, J. Sci. Comp., 38 (2009), 349-367.  doi: 10.1007/s10915-008-9244-2.

[45] R. J. LeVeque, Finite Volume Methods for Hyperbolic Problems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002.  doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511791253.
[46]

N. K. Mahato, A. Klar and S. Tiwari, A meshfree particle method for a vision-based macroscopic pedestrian model, Int. J. Adv. Eng. Sci. Appl. Math., 10 (2018), 41-53.  doi: 10.1007/s12572-018-0204-2.

[47]

S. Motsch and E. Tadmor, Heterophilious dynamics enhances consensus, SIAM Rev., 56 (2014), 577-621.  doi: 10.1137/120901866.

[48]

L. L. Obsu, A. Meurer, S. M. Kassa and A. Klar, Modelling pedestrians' impact on the performance of a roundabout, Neural Parallel Sci. Comput., 24 (2016), 317-334. 

[49]

B. Piccoli and A. Tosin, Pedestrian flows in bounded domains with obstacles, Continuum Mech. Thermodyn., 21 (2009), 85-107.  doi: 10.1007/s00161-009-0100-x.

[50]

R. Pinnau, C. Totzeck, O. Tse and S. Martin, A consensus-based model for global optimization and its mean-field limit, Math. Mod. Meth. Appl. Sci., 27 (2017), 183-204.  doi: 10.1142/S0218202517400061.

[51]

A. Quarteroni and A. Valli, Numerical Approximation of Partial Differential Equations, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-85268-1.

[52]

S. Roy, A. Borzí and A. Habbal, Pedestrian motion modelled by Fokker–Planck Nash games, R. Soc. Open Sci., 4 (2017), 170648. doi: 10.1098/rsos.170648.

[53]

A. Sieben, J. Schumann and A. Seyfried, Collective phenomena in crowds-where pedestrian dynamics need social psychology, PLoS one, 12 (2017), e0177328. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177328.

[54]

E. Sonnendrücker, J. Roche, P. Bertrand and A. Ghizzo, The semi-Lagrangian method for the numerical resolution of the Vlasov equation, J. Comp. Phys., 149 (1999), 201-220.  doi: 10.1006/jcph.1998.6148.

[55]

C. Taylor, C. Luzzi and C. Nowzari, On the Effects of Collision Avoidance on Emergent Swarm Behavior, in 2020 American Control Conference (ACC) (2020), 931-936. doi: 10.23919/ACC45564.2020.9147834.

[56]

M. Twarogowska, P. Goatin and R. Duvigneau, Numerical study of macroscopic pedestrian flow models, Appl. Math. Mod., 24 (2014), 5781-5795. 

[57]

B. Van Leer, Towards the ultimate conservative difference scheme, J. Comp. Phys., 135 (1997), 227-248.  doi: 10.1006/jcph.1997.5757.

[58]

T. Vicsek, A. Czirok, E. Ben-Jacob, I. Cohen and O. Shochet, Novel type of phase transition in a system of self-driven particles, Phys. Rev. Lett., 75 (1995), 1226-1229.  doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1226.

[59]

D. Yanagisawa, A. Kimura, A. Tomoeda, R. Nishi, Y. Suma, K. Ohtsuka and K. Nishinari, Introduction of frictional and turning function for pedestrian outflow with an obstacle, Phys. Rev. E, 80 (2009), 036110. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.80.036110.

Figure 3.  Illustration of isotropic and anisotropic pairwise interaction induced by different values of $ \lambda $. The initial positions of the pedestrians are highlighted with a point. Top: Two pedestrians are approaching each other. Positive $ \lambda $ leads to right-stepping, negative $ \lambda $ results in left-stepping. The isotropic case corresponds to $ \lambda = 0. $ Bottom: Two pedestrians meet at a crossroad. In the isotropic case, both depart from their desired trajectory. For $ \lambda \ne 0 $ the two return to their desired velocity after avoiding the collision. In case of the crossing with $ \lambda = -0.25 $ the blue pedestrians slows down, while the red pedestrian accelerates to avoid the collision. Then, the pedestrians relax their velocities towards the desired velocity. For $ \lambda = 0.25 $ the two pedestrians change their roles
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 1.  Visualization of the influence of $ \lambda. $ For $ \lambda = 0 $ we are in the case of the grey vector. The interaction force reduces the force resulting for the desired velocity. The particles may stop in front of each other. For $ \lambda > 0 $ we are in the yellow region. The force vector resulting from the interaction is turned. Adding this rotated vector and the vector resulting from the desired velocity, yields the evasive behaviour. The red particle moves to the bottom and the blue particles moves to the top. For $ \lambda < 0 $ the roles of the to particles change. We are then in the blue region and the red particle moves to the top and the blue particle to the bottom
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 2.  Visualization of the influence of $ \lambda $ in a crossing scenario. Top: For $ \lambda = 0 $ we are in the case of the grey vector. The particles push each other diagonally and leave the path given by the desired velocity, see Figure 3 in the middle. For $ \lambda > 0 $ we are in the yellow region. The force vector resulting from the interaction is turned. Adding this rotated vector and the vector resulting from the desired velocity, yields the evasive behaviour. The red particle slows down and moves to the top before accelerating and adjusting the velocity to get back onto its path and the blue particle does not slow down as much as the red one and moves to the right. For $ \lambda < 0 $ the roles of the to particles change. We are then in the blue region and the red particle moves to the top and the blue particle moves to the right before being push back onto its path. Intrinsically, we see here the 'right-before-left' rule for $ \lambda > 0 $ and 'left-before-right' for $ \lambda <0. $
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 4.  Illustration of the reflective boundary conditions. The black particle with velocity depicted with the dashed vector is about to leave the domain in the next time step. Due to the reflecting boundary conditions, it is projected into the domain and the y-component of its velocity is reflected (black vector)
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 5.  Illustration of the boundary setting. The green and yellow parts of the boundary refer to periodic boundary conditions. Walls are indicated by black lines. In case of the crossing the particles that leave the domain through a green boundary are flowing in at the other green boundary and analogous for the yellow boundary parts
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 6.  Left: Illustration of artificial agents with fixed position and artificial velocities modelling a circular obstacle. Right: Influence of a circular obstacle on the trajectories of the pedestrians
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 7.  Lane formation in a channel - particle simulation with only few particles involved, we see a formation of multiple horizontal lanes as stationary state. The parameters are $ N_b = 10 = N_r, t = 150. $ The arrows show the velocities of the particles
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 8.  Lane formation in a channel - particle simulation. The blue pedestrians go from right to left, the red from left to right, i.e. $ u_b = (-0.2,0)^T $ and $ u_r = (0.2,0)^T. $ The arrows show the velocities of the pedestrians. As $ \lambda = 0.25, $ pedestrians prefer to step to the right to avoid a collision. The snapshots are made at the times $ t = 0,\; 50,\; 100,\; 150,\; 200,\; 250. $
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 9.  Lane formation in a channel - mean-field simulation. Initially the red and the blue group are uniformly distributed in the domain. The difference of the densities vanishes as shown in the plot on the top-left. Then we see the formation of diagonal stripes at time t = 50 and finally a formation of lanes as time proceeds. The plots correspond to times t = 0,250,500,750, 1000, 1250
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 10.  Density distribution in a channel - mean-field simulation. The densities $ \rho_i^2, i \in \{r, b\} $ are integrated w.r.t. $ x^1 $ in order to extract the information along the $ x^2 $-axis
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 11.  Lane formation in a channel - mean-field simulation. Initially the red and the blue group are uniformly distributed in the velocity domain $ \Omega_{v_r} $ and $ \Omega_{v_b} $, respectively, as shown in the plot on the top-left. Then the relaxation towards the desired velocities $ u_r = (0.2,0)^T $ and $ u_b = (-0.2,0)^T $ starts, see plot on the top-right. Only small changes in the $ y $-coordinates lead the crowd to the lane configuration as can be seen when comparing the top-left and the bottom plot of the velocity density. The time instances are $ t = 0,\; 250,\; 1500. $
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 12.  Travelling waves at a crossing - particle simulation. The blue go from bottom to top, the red from left to right, i.e. $ u_b = (0,0.2) $ and $ u_r = (0.2,0). $ The arrows show the velocities of the pedestrians. As $ \lambda = 0.25, $ pedestrians prefer to step to the right to avoid a collision. From top-left to bottom-right: $ t = 0 $, $ t = 50 $, $ t = 100 $, $ t = 150 $, $ t = 200 $ and $ t = 250 $. The simulation was done with $ N_b = 150 = N_r. $ At $ t = 250 $ the pattern allows most pedestrians to walk with their desired velocities
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 13.  Travelling waves at a crossing - mean-field simulation. Initially the red and the blue group are uniformly distributed in the spatial domain. The difference of the densities vanishes as shown in the plot on the top-left. At time t = 50 the groups start to separate, see the plot in the top-right. Afterwards the line pattern is forming (t = 150,375 and 750). Finally, we see the stationary configuration of travelling waves at time t = 1500 in the bottom-right plot
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 14.  Travelling waves at a crossing - mean-field simulation. Initially the red and the blue group are uniformly distributed in the velocity domain $ \Omega_v $ as shown in the plot on the top-left. Then the relaxation towards the desired velocities $ u_r = (0.2,0)^T $ and $ u_b = (0, 0.2)^T $ starts, see plot on the top-right. Only small changes in the $ x $- and $ y $-coordinate lead the crowd to the travelling waves configuration as can be seen when comparing the top-left and the bottom plot of the velocity density. The time instances are $ t = 0,250, 1500. $
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

[1]

Seung-Yeal Ha, Jinwook Jung, Jeongho Kim, Jinyeong Park, Xiongtao Zhang. A mean-field limit of the particle swarmalator model. Kinetic and Related Models, 2021, 14 (3) : 429-468. doi: 10.3934/krm.2021011
[2]

Michael Herty, Mattia Zanella. Performance bounds for the mean-field limit of constrained dynamics. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2017, 37 (4) : 2023-2043. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2017086
[3]

Nastassia Pouradier Duteil. Mean-field limit of collective dynamics with time-varying weights. Networks and Heterogeneous Media, 2022, 17 (2) : 129-161. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2022001
[4]

Martin Burger, Marco Di Francesco, Peter A. Markowich, Marie-Therese Wolfram. Mean field games with nonlinear mobilities in pedestrian dynamics. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2014, 19 (5) : 1311-1333. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2014.19.1311
[5]

Rong Yang, Li Chen. Mean-field limit for a collision-avoiding flocking system and the time-asymptotic flocking dynamics for the kinetic equation. Kinetic and Related Models, 2014, 7 (2) : 381-400. doi: 10.3934/krm.2014.7.381
[6]

Franco Flandoli, Enrico Priola, Giovanni Zanco. A mean-field model with discontinuous coefficients for neurons with spatial interaction. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2019, 39 (6) : 3037-3067. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2019126
[7]

Charles Bordenave, David R. McDonald, Alexandre Proutière. A particle system in interaction with a rapidly varying environment: Mean field limits and applications. Networks and Heterogeneous Media, 2010, 5 (1) : 31-62. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2010.5.31
[8]

Gerasimenko Viktor. Heisenberg picture of quantum kinetic evolution in mean-field limit. Kinetic and Related Models, 2011, 4 (1) : 385-399. doi: 10.3934/krm.2011.4.385
[9]

Seung-Yeal Ha, Jeongho Kim, Jinyeong Park, Xiongtao Zhang. Uniform stability and mean-field limit for the augmented Kuramoto model. Networks and Heterogeneous Media, 2018, 13 (2) : 297-322. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2018013
[10]

Matthew Rosenzweig. The mean-field limit of the Lieb-Liniger model. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2022, 42 (6) : 3005-3037. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2022006
[11]

Seung-Yeal Ha, Jeongho Kim, Peter Pickl, Xiongtao Zhang. A probabilistic approach for the mean-field limit to the Cucker-Smale model with a singular communication. Kinetic and Related Models, 2019, 12 (5) : 1045-1067. doi: 10.3934/krm.2019039
[12]

Young-Pil Choi, Samir Salem. Cucker-Smale flocking particles with multiplicative noises: Stochastic mean-field limit and phase transition. Kinetic and Related Models, 2019, 12 (3) : 573-592. doi: 10.3934/krm.2019023
[13]

Seung-Yeal Ha, Jeongho Kim, Xiongtao Zhang. Uniform stability of the Cucker-Smale model and its application to the Mean-Field limit. Kinetic and Related Models, 2018, 11 (5) : 1157-1181. doi: 10.3934/krm.2018045
[14]

Joachim Crevat. Mean-field limit of a spatially-extended FitzHugh-Nagumo neural network. Kinetic and Related Models, 2019, 12 (6) : 1329-1358. doi: 10.3934/krm.2019052
[15]

Hyunjin Ahn, Seung-Yeal Ha, Jeongho Kim. Uniform stability of the relativistic Cucker-Smale model and its application to a mean-field limit. Communications on Pure and Applied Analysis, 2021, 20 (12) : 4209-4237. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2021156
[16]

Franco Flandoli, Matti Leimbach. Mean field limit with proliferation. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2016, 21 (9) : 3029-3052. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2016086
[17]

Doron Levy, Tiago Requeijo. Modeling group dynamics of phototaxis: From particle systems to PDEs. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2008, 9 (1) : 103-128. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2008.9.103
[18]

Andreas Schadschneider, Armin Seyfried. Empirical results for pedestrian dynamics and their implications for modeling. Networks and Heterogeneous Media, 2011, 6 (3) : 545-560. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2011.6.545
[19]

Max-Olivier Hongler. Mean-field games and swarms dynamics in Gaussian and non-Gaussian environments. Journal of Dynamics and Games, 2020, 7 (1) : 1-20. doi: 10.3934/jdg.2020001
[20]

Patrick Gerard, Christophe Pallard. A mean-field toy model for resonant transport. Kinetic and Related Models, 2010, 3 (2) : 299-309. doi: 10.3934/krm.2010.3.299

2020 Impact Factor: 1.432

Tools

Metrics

  • PDF downloads (265)
  • HTML views (83)
  • Cited by (0)

Other articles
by authors

[Back to Top]

Copyright © 2022 American Institute of Mathematical Sciences | Privacy Policy