American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

Advanced
August  2017, 14(4): 1055-1069. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2017055

A surface model of nonlinear, non-steady-state phloem transport

Youcef Mammeri 1,, and  Damien Sellier 2,

1. 

Laboratoire Amiénois de Mathématique Fondamentale et Appliquée, CNRS UMR 7352, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80069 Amiens, France
2. 

SCION, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Private bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand

* Corresponding author: youcef.mammeri@u-picardie.fr

Received  April 2016 Accepted  February 2017 Published  April 2017

Phloem transport is the process by which carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis in the leaves get distributed in a plant. According to Münch, the osmotically generated hydrostatic phloem pressure is the force driving the long-distance transport of photoassimilates. Following Thompson and Holbrook[35]'s approach, we develop a mathematical model of coupled water-carbohydrate transport. It is first proven that the model presented here preserves the positivity. The model is then applied to simulate the flow of phloem sap for an organic tree shape, on a 3D surface and in a channel with orthotropic hydraulic properties. Those features represent an significant advance in modelling the pathway for carbohydrate transport in trees.

Keywords: Phloem transport, diffusion-convection equation, well-posedness, finite elements.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 35K61, 92C80; Secondary: 65M60.
Citation: Youcef Mammeri, Damien Sellier. A surface model of nonlinear, non-steady-state phloem transport. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2017, 14 (4) : 1055-1069. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2017055
References:
[1]

P. Cabrita, M. Thorpe and G. Huber, Hydrodynamics of steady state phloem transport with radial leakage of solute, Frontiers Plant Sci., 4 (2013), 531-543.  doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00531.  Google Scholar

[2]

A. L. Christy and J. M. Ferrier, A mathematical treatment of Münch's pressure-flow hypothesis of phloem translocation, Plant Physio., 52 (1973), 531-538.  doi: 10.1104/pp.52.6.531.  Google Scholar

[3]

T. K. Dey and J. A. Levine, Delaunay meshing of isosurfaces, Visual Comput., 24 (2008), 411-422.  doi: 10.1109/SMI.2007.15.  Google Scholar

[4]

J. M. Ferrier, Further theoretical analysis of concentration-pressure-flux waves in phloem transport systems, Can. J. Bot., 56 (1978), 1086-1090.  doi: 10.1139/b78-118.  Google Scholar

[5]

F. G. Feugier and A. Satake, Dynamical feedback between circadian clock and sucrose availability explains adaptive response of starch metabolism to various photoperiods, Frontiers Plant Sci., 305 (2013), 1-11.  doi: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00305.  Google Scholar

[6]

D. B. Fisher and C. Cash-Clark, Sieve tube unloading and post-phloemtransport of fluorescent tracers and proteins injected into sieve tubes via severed aphid stylets, Plant Physio., 123 (2000), 125-137.   Google Scholar

[7]

J. D. Goeschl and C. E. Magnuson, Physiological implications of the Münch--Horwitz theory of phloem transport: effect of loading rates, Plant Cell Env., 9 (1986), 95-102.  doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1986.tb01571.x.  Google Scholar

[8]

J. Gričar, L. Krže and K. Čufar, Number of cells in xylem, phloem and dormant cambium in silver fir (Abies alba), in trees of different vitality, IAWA Journal, 30 (2009), 121-133.   Google Scholar

[9]

J. Hansen and E. Beck, The fate and path of assimilation products in the stem of 8-year-old {Scots} pine (Pinus sylvestris {L}.) trees, Trees, 4 (1990), 16-21.  doi: 10.1007/BF00226235.  Google Scholar

[10]

F. Hecht, New Developments in Freefem++, J. Num. Math., 20 (2012), 251-265.   Google Scholar

[11]

L. Horwitz, Some simplified mathematical treatments of translocation in plants, Plant Physio., 33 (1958), 81-93.   Google Scholar

[12]

T. Hölttä, M. Mencuccini and E. Nikinmaa, Linking phloem function to structure: Analysis with a coupled xylem-phloem transport model, J. Theo. Bio., 259 (2009), 325-337.   Google Scholar

[13]

T. Hölttä, T. Vesala, S. Sevanto, M. Perämäki and E. Nikinmaa, Modeling xylem and phloem water flows in trees according to cohesion theory and Münch hypothesis, Trees, 20 (2006), 67-78.   Google Scholar

[14]

W. Hundsdorfer and J. G. Verwer, Numerical Solution of Time-Dependent Advection-Diffusion-Reaction Equations Springer Series in Comput. Math., 33, Springer, 2003. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-09017-6.  Google Scholar

[15]

K. H. Jensen, J. Lee, T. Bohr, H. Bruus, N. M. Holbrook and M. A. Zwieniecki, Optimality of the Münch mechanism for translocation of sugars in plants, J. R. Soc. Interface, 8 (2011), 1155-1165.  doi: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0578.  Google Scholar

[16]

A. Kagawa, A. Sugimoto and T. C. Maximov, CO 2 pulse-labelling of photoassimilates reveals carbon allocation within and between tree rings, Plant Cell Env., 29 (2006), 1571-1584.   Google Scholar

[17]

E. M. Kramer, Wood grain pattern formation: A brief review, J. Plant Growth Reg., 25 (2006), 290-301.  doi: 10.1007/s00344-006-0065-y.  Google Scholar

[18]

H.-O. Kreiss and J. Lorenz, Initial-Boundary Value Problems and the Navier-Stokes Equations Classics in Applied Mathematics, SIAM, 2004. doi: 10.1137/1.9780898719130.  Google Scholar

[19]

A. Lacointe and P. E. H. Minchin, Modelling phloem and xylem transport within a complex architecture, Funct. Plant Bio., 35 (2008), 772-780.  doi: 10.1071/FP08085.  Google Scholar

[20]

A. Lang, A model of mass flow in the phloem, Funct. Plant Bio., 5 (1978), 535-546.  doi: 10.1071/PP9780535.  Google Scholar

[21]

P. E. H. Minchin, M. R. Thorpe and J. F. Farrar, A simple mechanistic model of phloem transport which explains sink priority, Journal of Experimental Botany, 44 (1993), 947-955.  doi: 10.1093/jxb/44.5.947.  Google Scholar

[22]

E. Münch, Die Stoffbewegungen in der Pflanze Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1930. Google Scholar

[23]

K. A. Nagel, B. Kastenholz, S. Jahnke, D. van Dusschoten, T. Aach, M. Mühlich, D. Truhn, H. Scharr, S. Terjung, A. Walter and U. Schurr, Temperature responses of roots: Impact on growth, root system architecture and implications for phenotyping, Funct. Plant Bio., 36 (2009), 947-959.  doi: 10.1071/FP09184.  Google Scholar

[24]

E. M. Ouhabaz, Analysis of Heat Equations on Domains London Math. Soc. Monographs Series, Princeton University Press, 2005.  Google Scholar

[25]

S. Payvandi, K. R. Daly, K. C. Zygalakis and T. Roose, Mathematical modelling of the phloem: The importance of diffusion on sugar transport at osmotic equilibrium, Bull. Math Biol., 76 (2014), 2834-2865.  doi: 10.1007/s11538-014-0035-7.  Google Scholar

[26]

S. Pfautsch, J. Renard, M. G. Tjoelker and A. Salih, Phloem as capacitor: Radial transfer of water into xylem of tree stems occurs via symplastic transport in ray parenchyma, Plant Physio., 167 (2015), 963-971.  doi: 10.1104/pp.114.254581.  Google Scholar

[27]

O. Pironneau and M. Tabata, Stability and convergence of a Galerkin-characteristics finite element scheme of lumped mass type, Int. J. Num. Meth. Fluids, 64 (2000), 1240-1253.  doi: 10.1002/fld.2459.  Google Scholar

[28]

G. E. Phillips, J. Bodig and J. Goodman, Flow grain analogy, Wood Sci., 14 (1981), 55-64.   Google Scholar

[29]

R. J. Phillips and S. R. Dungan, Asymptotic analysis of flow in sieve tubes with semi-permeable walls, J. Theor. Biol., 162 (1993), 465-485.  doi: 10.1006/jtbi.1993.1100.  Google Scholar

[30]

D. Rotsch, T. Brossard, S. Bihmidine, W. Ying, V. Gaddam, M. Harmata, J. D. Robertson, M. Swyers, S. S. Jurisson and D. M. Braun, Radiosynthesis of 6'-Deoxy-6'[18F]Fluorosucrose via automated synthesis and its utility to study in vivo sucrose transport in maize (Zea mays) leaves PLoS ONE 10 (2015), e0128989. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128989.  Google Scholar

[31]

D. Sellier and J. J. Harrington, Phloem transport in trees: A generic surface model, Eco. Mod., 290 (2014), 102-109.  doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.11.021.  Google Scholar

[32]

D. Sellier, M. J. Plank and J. J. Harrington, A mathematical framework for modelling cambial surface evolution using a level set method, Annals Bot., 108 (2011), 1001-1011.  doi: 10.1093/aob/mcr067.  Google Scholar

[33]

R. Spicer, Symplasmic networks in secondary vascular tissues: Parenchyma distribution and activity supporting long-distance transport, J. Exp. Bot., 65 (2014), 1829-1848.  doi: 10.1093/jxb/ert459.  Google Scholar

[34]

J. F. Swindells, C. F. Snyder, R. C. Hardy and P. E. Golden, Viscosities of sucrose solutions at various temperatures: Tables of recalculated values, NBS Circular 440 (1958). Google Scholar

[35]

M. V. Thompson and N. M. Holbrook, Application of a single-solute non-steady-state phloem model to the study of long-distance assimilate transport, J. Theo. Bio., 220 (2003), 419-455.   Google Scholar

show all references

References:
[1]

P. Cabrita, M. Thorpe and G. Huber, Hydrodynamics of steady state phloem transport with radial leakage of solute, Frontiers Plant Sci., 4 (2013), 531-543.  doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00531.  Google Scholar

[2]

A. L. Christy and J. M. Ferrier, A mathematical treatment of Münch's pressure-flow hypothesis of phloem translocation, Plant Physio., 52 (1973), 531-538.  doi: 10.1104/pp.52.6.531.  Google Scholar

[3]

T. K. Dey and J. A. Levine, Delaunay meshing of isosurfaces, Visual Comput., 24 (2008), 411-422.  doi: 10.1109/SMI.2007.15.  Google Scholar

[4]

J. M. Ferrier, Further theoretical analysis of concentration-pressure-flux waves in phloem transport systems, Can. J. Bot., 56 (1978), 1086-1090.  doi: 10.1139/b78-118.  Google Scholar

[5]

F. G. Feugier and A. Satake, Dynamical feedback between circadian clock and sucrose availability explains adaptive response of starch metabolism to various photoperiods, Frontiers Plant Sci., 305 (2013), 1-11.  doi: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00305.  Google Scholar

[6]

D. B. Fisher and C. Cash-Clark, Sieve tube unloading and post-phloemtransport of fluorescent tracers and proteins injected into sieve tubes via severed aphid stylets, Plant Physio., 123 (2000), 125-137.   Google Scholar

[7]

J. D. Goeschl and C. E. Magnuson, Physiological implications of the Münch--Horwitz theory of phloem transport: effect of loading rates, Plant Cell Env., 9 (1986), 95-102.  doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1986.tb01571.x.  Google Scholar

[8]

J. Gričar, L. Krže and K. Čufar, Number of cells in xylem, phloem and dormant cambium in silver fir (Abies alba), in trees of different vitality, IAWA Journal, 30 (2009), 121-133.   Google Scholar

[9]

J. Hansen and E. Beck, The fate and path of assimilation products in the stem of 8-year-old {Scots} pine (Pinus sylvestris {L}.) trees, Trees, 4 (1990), 16-21.  doi: 10.1007/BF00226235.  Google Scholar

[10]

F. Hecht, New Developments in Freefem++, J. Num. Math., 20 (2012), 251-265.   Google Scholar

[11]

L. Horwitz, Some simplified mathematical treatments of translocation in plants, Plant Physio., 33 (1958), 81-93.   Google Scholar

[12]

T. Hölttä, M. Mencuccini and E. Nikinmaa, Linking phloem function to structure: Analysis with a coupled xylem-phloem transport model, J. Theo. Bio., 259 (2009), 325-337.   Google Scholar

[13]

T. Hölttä, T. Vesala, S. Sevanto, M. Perämäki and E. Nikinmaa, Modeling xylem and phloem water flows in trees according to cohesion theory and Münch hypothesis, Trees, 20 (2006), 67-78.   Google Scholar

[14]

W. Hundsdorfer and J. G. Verwer, Numerical Solution of Time-Dependent Advection-Diffusion-Reaction Equations Springer Series in Comput. Math., 33, Springer, 2003. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-09017-6.  Google Scholar

[15]

K. H. Jensen, J. Lee, T. Bohr, H. Bruus, N. M. Holbrook and M. A. Zwieniecki, Optimality of the Münch mechanism for translocation of sugars in plants, J. R. Soc. Interface, 8 (2011), 1155-1165.  doi: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0578.  Google Scholar

[16]

A. Kagawa, A. Sugimoto and T. C. Maximov, CO 2 pulse-labelling of photoassimilates reveals carbon allocation within and between tree rings, Plant Cell Env., 29 (2006), 1571-1584.   Google Scholar

[17]

E. M. Kramer, Wood grain pattern formation: A brief review, J. Plant Growth Reg., 25 (2006), 290-301.  doi: 10.1007/s00344-006-0065-y.  Google Scholar

[18]

H.-O. Kreiss and J. Lorenz, Initial-Boundary Value Problems and the Navier-Stokes Equations Classics in Applied Mathematics, SIAM, 2004. doi: 10.1137/1.9780898719130.  Google Scholar

[19]

A. Lacointe and P. E. H. Minchin, Modelling phloem and xylem transport within a complex architecture, Funct. Plant Bio., 35 (2008), 772-780.  doi: 10.1071/FP08085.  Google Scholar

[20]

A. Lang, A model of mass flow in the phloem, Funct. Plant Bio., 5 (1978), 535-546.  doi: 10.1071/PP9780535.  Google Scholar

[21]

P. E. H. Minchin, M. R. Thorpe and J. F. Farrar, A simple mechanistic model of phloem transport which explains sink priority, Journal of Experimental Botany, 44 (1993), 947-955.  doi: 10.1093/jxb/44.5.947.  Google Scholar

[22]

E. Münch, Die Stoffbewegungen in der Pflanze Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1930. Google Scholar

[23]

K. A. Nagel, B. Kastenholz, S. Jahnke, D. van Dusschoten, T. Aach, M. Mühlich, D. Truhn, H. Scharr, S. Terjung, A. Walter and U. Schurr, Temperature responses of roots: Impact on growth, root system architecture and implications for phenotyping, Funct. Plant Bio., 36 (2009), 947-959.  doi: 10.1071/FP09184.  Google Scholar

[24]

E. M. Ouhabaz, Analysis of Heat Equations on Domains London Math. Soc. Monographs Series, Princeton University Press, 2005.  Google Scholar

[25]

S. Payvandi, K. R. Daly, K. C. Zygalakis and T. Roose, Mathematical modelling of the phloem: The importance of diffusion on sugar transport at osmotic equilibrium, Bull. Math Biol., 76 (2014), 2834-2865.  doi: 10.1007/s11538-014-0035-7.  Google Scholar

[26]

S. Pfautsch, J. Renard, M. G. Tjoelker and A. Salih, Phloem as capacitor: Radial transfer of water into xylem of tree stems occurs via symplastic transport in ray parenchyma, Plant Physio., 167 (2015), 963-971.  doi: 10.1104/pp.114.254581.  Google Scholar

[27]

O. Pironneau and M. Tabata, Stability and convergence of a Galerkin-characteristics finite element scheme of lumped mass type, Int. J. Num. Meth. Fluids, 64 (2000), 1240-1253.  doi: 10.1002/fld.2459.  Google Scholar

[28]

G. E. Phillips, J. Bodig and J. Goodman, Flow grain analogy, Wood Sci., 14 (1981), 55-64.   Google Scholar

[29]

R. J. Phillips and S. R. Dungan, Asymptotic analysis of flow in sieve tubes with semi-permeable walls, J. Theor. Biol., 162 (1993), 465-485.  doi: 10.1006/jtbi.1993.1100.  Google Scholar

[30]

D. Rotsch, T. Brossard, S. Bihmidine, W. Ying, V. Gaddam, M. Harmata, J. D. Robertson, M. Swyers, S. S. Jurisson and D. M. Braun, Radiosynthesis of 6'-Deoxy-6'[18F]Fluorosucrose via automated synthesis and its utility to study in vivo sucrose transport in maize (Zea mays) leaves PLoS ONE 10 (2015), e0128989. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128989.  Google Scholar

[31]

D. Sellier and J. J. Harrington, Phloem transport in trees: A generic surface model, Eco. Mod., 290 (2014), 102-109.  doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.11.021.  Google Scholar

[32]

D. Sellier, M. J. Plank and J. J. Harrington, A mathematical framework for modelling cambial surface evolution using a level set method, Annals Bot., 108 (2011), 1001-1011.  doi: 10.1093/aob/mcr067.  Google Scholar

[33]

R. Spicer, Symplasmic networks in secondary vascular tissues: Parenchyma distribution and activity supporting long-distance transport, J. Exp. Bot., 65 (2014), 1829-1848.  doi: 10.1093/jxb/ert459.  Google Scholar

[34]

J. F. Swindells, C. F. Snyder, R. C. Hardy and P. E. Golden, Viscosities of sucrose solutions at various temperatures: Tables of recalculated values, NBS Circular 440 (1958). Google Scholar

[35]

M. V. Thompson and N. M. Holbrook, Application of a single-solute non-steady-state phloem model to the study of long-distance assimilate transport, J. Theo. Bio., 220 (2003), 419-455.   Google Scholar

Figure 1.  Schematic representation of a tree and the layered organisation of its secondary tissues: phloem, vascular cambium and xylem (bark not shown). Flows of water/solute in a phloem element also shown.
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

35] (solid line) and with the proposed model (dashed line)">Figure 2.  Sucrose concentration (C), hydrostatic pressure (P) and water flux (J) in the phloem as simulated with the model of [35] (solid line) and with the proposed model (dashed line)
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 3.  Maximum of the relative error obtained by comparison with the approximated solution for $\Delta t = 0.1$s, $\Delta x = 0.1$mm after 12 hours.
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 4.  Effects of model simplications on the axial water flux at an early (10 minutes), intermediate (1h10) and late stage (24h). The considered simplifications are a constant viscosity ($\mu = \mu_0$, dashed line); neglecting the partial molal volume of sucrose ($V_s =0$, dash-dot line); initial geometry ($e = e_0$, dotted line); all simplifications combined (grey, solid line); no simplifications (black, solid line).
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 5.  Mesh reconstruction of Te Matua Ngahere from a photograph (credit: D. Sellier).
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 6.  Phloem pressure (P), sucrose concentration (C) and water flux (J) distributions on a Te Matua Ngahere after 12 hours.
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 7.  Phloem pressure (P), sucrose concentration (C) and water flux (J) distributions on an orthotropic plate after 12 hours.
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 8.  Phloem pressure (P), sucrose concentration (C) and water flux (J) distributions in a 3D fork after 12 hours.
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Table 1. 
Algorithm 1 Semi-implicit scheme
Given $P_0, C_0$ and $N\in \mathbb{N}^*$.
For $n=1$ to $N$do
$ \langle \frac{C^{n+1/2}-C^n}{\Delta t}, \varphi_1 \rangle - \langle \left( \frac{k}{\mu} \nabla P^n \right) \cdot \nabla C^n, \varphi_1 \rangle - \langle \frac{U^n}{e}, \varphi_1 \rangle = 0 \\ \breve{C}^{n+1/2}=\log(C^{n+1/2}) \\ \langle \frac{\breve{C}^{n+1}-\breve{C}^{n+1/2}}{\Delta t}, \varphi_2 \rangle + \langle \frac{k}{\mu} \nabla P^{n+1}, \nabla \varphi_2 \rangle + \int_{\partial \Omega} \frac{k}{\mu} \partial_n P^{n+1} \varphi_2 = 0 \\ \langle \frac{P^{n+1}-P^n}{\Delta t}, \varphi_3 \rangle + \langle \frac{E}{\mu} k \nabla P^{n+1}, \nabla \varphi_3 \rangle - \int_{\partial \Omega} \frac{E}{\mu} k \partial_n P^{n+1} \varphi_3 \\ - \langle \frac{E L_R}{e} (\psi - P^n + RT C^n, \varphi_3 \rangle - \langle \frac{V_s U^n}{e}, \varphi_3 \rangle = 0 \\ C^{n+1} = \exp(\breve{C}^{n+1}). $
Table Options

Download as excel

Algorithm 1 Semi-implicit scheme
Given $P_0, C_0$ and $N\in \mathbb{N}^*$.
For $n=1$ to $N$do
$ \langle \frac{C^{n+1/2}-C^n}{\Delta t}, \varphi_1 \rangle - \langle \left( \frac{k}{\mu} \nabla P^n \right) \cdot \nabla C^n, \varphi_1 \rangle - \langle \frac{U^n}{e}, \varphi_1 \rangle = 0 \\ \breve{C}^{n+1/2}=\log(C^{n+1/2}) \\ \langle \frac{\breve{C}^{n+1}-\breve{C}^{n+1/2}}{\Delta t}, \varphi_2 \rangle + \langle \frac{k}{\mu} \nabla P^{n+1}, \nabla \varphi_2 \rangle + \int_{\partial \Omega} \frac{k}{\mu} \partial_n P^{n+1} \varphi_2 = 0 \\ \langle \frac{P^{n+1}-P^n}{\Delta t}, \varphi_3 \rangle + \langle \frac{E}{\mu} k \nabla P^{n+1}, \nabla \varphi_3 \rangle - \int_{\partial \Omega} \frac{E}{\mu} k \partial_n P^{n+1} \varphi_3 \\ - \langle \frac{E L_R}{e} (\psi - P^n + RT C^n, \varphi_3 \rangle - \langle \frac{V_s U^n}{e}, \varphi_3 \rangle = 0 \\ C^{n+1} = \exp(\breve{C}^{n+1}). $
Table 2.  Description of parameters employed in the model. Numerical values correspond to the initial values used in section 4.1.
SymbolDescriptionValueUnits
$L_R$Radial hydraulic conductivity $1.57\times 10^{-13}$m Pa$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$
$\psi$Xylem hydrostatic pressure $0$Pa
$R$Gas constant $8.31$J mol$^{-1}$ K$^{-1}$
$T$Temperature $293$K
$V_s$Partial molal volume of sucrose $2.15\times 10^{-4}$m$^{3}$ mol$^{-1}$
$k_L$Longitudinal permeability $9.28\times 10^{-12}$m$^{2}$
$k_T$Tangential permeability $9.28\times 10^{-13}$m$^{2}$
$e$Phloem thickness $7.5\times 10^{-6}$m
$E$Phloem Young's modulus $1.7\times 10^{7}$Pa
$\widetilde{U}$Loading rate $3.375\times 10^{-6}$mol m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$
$C^*$Reference sucrose concentration $500$mol m$^{-3}$
$\mu$Viscosity $10^{-3}$ at $C=0$Pa s
Table Options

Download as excel

SymbolDescriptionValueUnits
$L_R$Radial hydraulic conductivity $1.57\times 10^{-13}$m Pa$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$
$\psi$Xylem hydrostatic pressure $0$Pa
$R$Gas constant $8.31$J mol$^{-1}$ K$^{-1}$
$T$Temperature $293$K
$V_s$Partial molal volume of sucrose $2.15\times 10^{-4}$m$^{3}$ mol$^{-1}$
$k_L$Longitudinal permeability $9.28\times 10^{-12}$m$^{2}$
$k_T$Tangential permeability $9.28\times 10^{-13}$m$^{2}$
$e$Phloem thickness $7.5\times 10^{-6}$m
$E$Phloem Young's modulus $1.7\times 10^{7}$Pa
$\widetilde{U}$Loading rate $3.375\times 10^{-6}$mol m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$
$C^*$Reference sucrose concentration $500$mol m$^{-3}$
$\mu$Viscosity $10^{-3}$ at $C=0$Pa s
[1]

Moulay Rchid Sidi Ammi, Ismail Jamiai. Finite difference and Legendre spectral method for a time-fractional diffusion-convection equation for image restoration. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2018, 11 (1) : 103-117. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2018007
[2]

Keyan Wang. Global well-posedness for a transport equation with non-local velocity and critical diffusion. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2008, 7 (5) : 1203-1210. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2008.7.1203
[3]

Kazuo Yamazaki, Xueying Wang. Global well-posedness and asymptotic behavior of solutions to a reaction-convection-diffusion cholera epidemic model. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2016, 21 (4) : 1297-1316. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2016.21.1297
[4]

Jibin Li, Yi Zhang. On the traveling wave solutions for a nonlinear diffusion-convection equation: Dynamical system approach. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2010, 14 (3) : 1119-1138. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2010.14.1119
[5]

Xuan Liu, Ting Zhang. Local well-posedness and finite time blowup for fourth-order Schrödinger equation with complex coefficient. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2021  doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2021156
[6]

Boris Kolev. Local well-posedness of the EPDiff equation: A survey. Journal of Geometric Mechanics, 2017, 9 (2) : 167-189. doi: 10.3934/jgm.2017007
[7]

Lin Shen, Shu Wang, Yongxin Wang. The well-posedness and regularity of a rotating blades equation. Electronic Research Archive, 2020, 28 (2) : 691-719. doi: 10.3934/era.2020036
[8]

Jerry Bona, Nikolay Tzvetkov. Sharp well-posedness results for the BBM equation. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2009, 23 (4) : 1241-1252. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2009.23.1241
[9]

A. Alexandrou Himonas, Curtis Holliman. On well-posedness of the Degasperis-Procesi equation. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2011, 31 (2) : 469-488. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2011.31.469
[10]

Nils Strunk. Well-posedness for the supercritical gKdV equation. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2014, 13 (2) : 527-542. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2014.13.527
[11]

Vo Van Au, Jagdev Singh, Anh Tuan Nguyen. Well-posedness results and blow-up for a semi-linear time fractional diffusion equation with variable coefficients. Electronic Research Archive, , () : -. doi: 10.3934/era.2021052
[12]

Ivonne Rivas, Muhammad Usman, Bing-Yu Zhang. Global well-posedness and asymptotic behavior of a class of initial-boundary-value problem of the Korteweg-De Vries equation on a finite domain. Mathematical Control & Related Fields, 2011, 1 (1) : 61-81. doi: 10.3934/mcrf.2011.1.61
[13]

Boris Andreianov, Mohamed Maliki. On classes of well-posedness for quasilinear diffusion equations in the whole space. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2021, 14 (2) : 505-531. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020361
[14]

Caochuan Ma, Zaihong Jiang, Renhui Wan. Local well-posedness for the tropical climate model with fractional velocity diffusion. Kinetic & Related Models, 2016, 9 (3) : 551-570. doi: 10.3934/krm.2016006
[15]

Junxiong Jia, Jigen Peng, Kexue Li. Well-posedness of abstract distributed-order fractional diffusion equations. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2014, 13 (2) : 605-621. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2014.13.605
[16]

Hongwei Wang, Amin Esfahani. Well-posedness and asymptotic behavior of the dissipative Ostrovsky equation. Evolution Equations & Control Theory, 2019, 8 (4) : 709-735. doi: 10.3934/eect.2019035
[17]

Tadahiro Oh, Yuzhao Wang. On global well-posedness of the modified KdV equation in modulation spaces. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2021, 41 (6) : 2971-2992. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020393
[18]

Christopher Henderson, Stanley Snelson, Andrei Tarfulea. Local well-posedness of the Boltzmann equation with polynomially decaying initial data. Kinetic & Related Models, 2020, 13 (4) : 837-867. doi: 10.3934/krm.2020029
[19]

Barbara Kaltenbacher, Irena Lasiecka. Well-posedness of the Westervelt and the Kuznetsov equation with nonhomogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. Conference Publications, 2011, 2011 (Special) : 763-773. doi: 10.3934/proc.2011.2011.763
[20]

Takamori Kato. Global well-posedness for the Kawahara equation with low regularity. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2013, 12 (3) : 1321-1339. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2013.12.1321

2018 Impact Factor: 1.313

Tools

Metrics

  • PDF downloads (27)
  • HTML views (52)
  • Cited by (3)

Other articles
by authors

[Back to Top]

Copyright © 2021 American Institute of Mathematical Sciences