American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

Advanced
June  2021, 11(2): 221-253. doi: 10.3934/naco.2020023

A robust optimization model for sustainable and resilient closed-loop supply chain network design considering conditional value at risk

Reza Lotfi 1, , Yahia Zare Mehrjerdi 1,, , Mir Saman Pishvaee 2, , Ahmad Sadeghieh 1, and  Gerhard-Wilhelm Weber 3,

1. 

Department of Industrial Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
2. 

School of Industrial Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
3. 

Poznan University of Technology Faculty of Engineering, Management, Poznan, Poland, IAM, METU, Ankara, Turkey

* Corresponding author: Yahia Zare Mehrjerdi

Received  October 2019 Revised  November 2019 Published  June 2021 Early access  August 2020

One of the challenges facing supply chain designers is designing a sustainable and resilient supply chain network. The present study considers a closed-loop supply chain by taking into account sustainability, resilience, robustness, and risk aversion for the first time. The study suggests a two-stage mixed-integer linear programming model for the problem. Further, the robust counterpart model is used to handle uncertainties. Furthermore, conditional value at risk criterion in the model is considered in order to create real-life conditions. The sustainability goals addressed in the present study include minimizing the costs, $ \text{CO}_2 $ emission, and energy, along with maximizing employment. In addition, effective environmental and social life-cycle evaluations are provided to assess the associated effects of the model on society, environment, and energy consumption. The model aims to answer the questions regarding the establishment of facilities and amount of transported goods between facilities. The model is implemented in a car assembler company in Iran. Based on the results, several managerial insights are offered to the decision-makers. Due to the complexity of the problem, a constraint relaxation is applied to produce quality upper and lower bounds in medium and large-scale models. Moreover, the LP-Metric method is used to merge the objectives to attain an optimal solution. The results revealed that the robust counterpart provides a better estimation of the total cost, pollution, energy consumption, and employment level compared to the basic model.

Keywords: Closed-loop supply chain, Sustainability, Resilience, Risk, Robust optimization.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 90B15, 90C29.
Citation: Reza Lotfi, Yahia Zare Mehrjerdi, Mir Saman Pishvaee, Ahmad Sadeghieh, Gerhard-Wilhelm Weber. A robust optimization model for sustainable and resilient closed-loop supply chain network design considering conditional value at risk. Numerical Algebra, Control and Optimization, 2021, 11 (2) : 221-253. doi: 10.3934/naco.2020023
References:
[1]

S. H. Amin and F. Baki, A facility location model for global closed-loop supply chain network design, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 41 (2017), 316-330.  doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2016.08.030.

[2]

S. H. Amin, G. Zhang and P. Akhtar, Effects of uncertainty on a tire closed-loop supply chain network, Expert Systems with Applications, 73 (2017), 82-91. 

[3]

G. Behzadi, M. O. Sullivan, T. Olsen and A. Zhang, Allocation flexibility for agribusiness supply chains under market demand disruption, International Journal of Production Research, 56 (2018), 3524-3546. 

[4]

C. Benoît, G. A. Norris, S. Valdivia, A. Ciroth, A. Moberg, U. Bos, S. Prakash, C. Ugaya and T. Beck, The guidelines for social life cycle assessment of products: just in time!, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 15 (2010), 156-163. 

[5]

M. Brandenburg, Low carbon supply chain configuration for a new product–a goal programming approach, International Journal of Production Research, 53 (2015), 6588-6610. 

[6]

M. Brandenburg, A hybrid approach to configure eco-efficient supply chains under consideration of performance and risk aspects, Omega, 70 (2017), 58-76. 

[7]

S. R. Cardoso, A. P. Barbosa-Póvoa and S. Relvas, Integrating financial risk measures into the design and planning of closed-loop supply chains, Computers & Chemical Engineering, 85 (2016), 105-123. 

[8]

J. Czyzyk, M. P. Mesnier and J. J. Moré, The neos server, IEEE Computational Science and Engineering, 5 (1998), 68-75. 

[9]

E. D. Dolan, Neos server 4.0 administrative guide, arXiv preprint cs/0107034.

[10]

M. Eskandarpour, P. Dejax, J. Miemczyk and O. Péton, Sustainable supply chain network design: An optimization-oriented review, Omega, 54 (2015), 11-32. 

[11]

H. Fang and R. Xiao, Resilient closed–loop supply chain network design based on patent protection, International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology, 48 (2013), 49-57. 

[12]

M. Goedkoop, R. Heijungs, M. Huijbregts, A. De Schryver, J. Struijs, R. Van Zelm et al., A life cycle impact assessment method which comprises harmonised category indicators at the midpoint and the endpoint level, The Hague, Ministry of VROM. ReCiPe., .

[13]

A. Goli, H. K. Zare, R. Tavakkoli-Moghaddam and A. Sadeghieh, Application of robust optimization for a product portfolio problem using an invasive weed optimization algorithm, Numerical Algebra, Control & Optimization, 9 (2019), 187-209.  doi: 10.3934/naco.2019014.

[14]

W. Gropp and J. Moré, Optimization environments and the neos server. Approximation Theory and Optimization (eds. md buhmann and a. iserles), 1997.

[15]

T. W. Hill and A. Ravindran, On programming with absolute-value functions, Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 17 (1975), 181-183.  doi: 10.1007/BF00933924.

[16]

M. A. Huijbregts, S. Hellweg, R. Frischknecht, H. W. Hendriks, K. Hungerbuhler and A. J. Hendriks, Cumulative energy demand as predictor for the environmental burden of commodity production, Environmental Science & Technology, 44 (2010), 2189-2196. 

[17]

G. Jalali, R. Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, M. Ghomi-Avili and A. Jabbarzadeh, A network design model for a resilient closed-loop supply chain with lateral transshipment, International Journal of Engineering, 30 (2017), 374-383. 

[18]

D. K. Kadambala, N. Subramanian, M. K. Tiwari, M. Abdulrahman and C. Liu, Closed loop supply chain networks: Designs for energy and time value efficiency, International Journal of Production Economics, 183 (2017), 382-393. 

[19]

G. Kara, A. Özmen and G.-W. Weber, Stability advances in robust portfolio optimization under parallelepiped uncertainty, Central European Journal of Operations Research, 27 (2019), 241-261.  doi: 10.1007/s10100-017-0508-5.

[20]

S. Khalilpourazari and M. Mohammadi, Optimization of closed-loop supply chain network design: a water cycle algorithm approach, in 2016 12th International Conference on Industrial Engineering (ICIE), IEEE, (2016), 41–45.

[21]

P. R. Kleindorfer and G. H. Saad, Managing disruption risks in supply chains, Production and Operations Management, 14 (2005), 53-68. 

[22]

W. Klibi, A. Martel and A. Guitouni, The design of robust value-creating supply chain networks: a critical review, European Journal of Operational Research, 203 (2010), 283-293. 

[23]

R. Lotfi and N. M. AMIN, Multi-objective capacitated facility location with hybrid fuzzy simplex and genetic algorithm approach,

[24]

R. Lotfi, Y. Z. Mehrjerdi and N. Mardani, A multi-objective and multi-product advertising billboard location model with attraction factor mathematical modeling and solutions, International Journal of Applied Logistics (IJAL), 7 (2017), 64-86. 

[25]

R. Lotfi, Y. Z. Mehrjerdi, M. S. Pishvaee, Razmi and A. Sadeghieh, A robust optimization approach to resilience and sustainable closed-loop supply chain network design under risk averse Presented at the 15th Iran International Industrial Engineering Conference, 2019.

[26]

R. Lotfi, G.-W. Weber, S. M. Sajadifar and N. Mardani, Interdependent demand in the two-period newsvendor problem, Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 777–792. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2018143.

[27]

M. Mahmud, N. Huda, S. Farjana and C. Lang, Environmental impacts of solar-photovoltaic and solar-thermal systems with life-cycle assessment, Energies, 11 (2018), 2346.

[28]

S. Mari, Y. Lee and M. Memon, Sustainable and resilient supply chain network design under disruption risks, Sustainability, 6 (2014), 6666-6686. 

[29]

S. Mari, Y. Lee and M. Memon, Sustainable and resilient garment supply chain network design with fuzzy multi-objectives under uncertainty, Sustainability, 8 (2016), 1038.

[30]

M. J. Meixell and V. B. Gargeya, Global supply chain design: A literature review and critique, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 41 (2005), 531-550. 

[31]

M. T. Melo, S. Nickel and F. Saldanha-Da-Gama, Facility location and supply chain management–a review, European Journal of Operational Research, 196 (2009), 401-412.  doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2008.05.007.

[32]

J. M. Mulvey, R. J. Vanderbei and S. A. Zenios, Robust optimization of large-scale systems, Operations Research, 43 (1995), 264-281.  doi: 10.1287/opre.43.2.264.

[33]

J. Q. F. Neto, G. Walther, J. Bloemhof, J. Van Nunen and T. Spengler, A methodology for assessing eco-efficiency in logistics networks, European Journal of Operational Research, 193 (2009), 670-682. 

[34]

A. R. Nour and A. M. Kamali, A weighted metric method to optimize multi-response robust problems,

[35]

N. Noyan, Risk-averse two-stage stochastic programming with an application to disaster management, Computers & Operations Research, 39 (2012), 541-559.  doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2011.03.017.

[36]

M. S. Pishvaee, J. Razmi and S. A. Torabi, An accelerated benders decomposition algorithm for sustainable supply chain network design under uncertainty: A case study of medical needle and syringe supply chain, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 67 (2014), 14-38.  doi: 10.1016/j.fss.2012.04.010.

[37]

S. Prakash, S. Kumar, G. Soni, V. Jain and A. P. S. Rathore, Closed-loop supply chain network design and modelling under risks and demand uncertainty: an integrated robust optimization approach, Annals of Operations Research, 1–28.

[38]

S. Prakash, G. Soni and A. P. S. Rathore, Embedding risk in closed-loop supply chain network design: Case of a hospital furniture manufacturer, Journal of Modelling in Management, 12 (2017), 551-574. 

[39]

J. Quariguasi Frota Neto, G. Walther, J. Bloemhof, J. Van Nunen and T. Spengler, From closed-loop to sustainable supply chains: the weee case, International Journal of Production Research, 48 (2010), 4463-4481. 

[40]

N. Sahebjamnia, A. M. Fathollahi-Fard and M. Hajiaghaei-Keshteli, Sustainable tire closed-loop supply chain network design: Hybrid metaheuristic algorithms for large-scale networks, Journal of cleaner production, 196 (2018), 273-296. 

[41]

Y. Shi, L. C. Alwan, C. Tang and X. Yue, A newsvendor model with autocorrelated demand under a time-consistent dynamic cvar measure, IISE Transactions, 51 (2019), 653-671. 

[42]

H. Soleimani and K. Govindan, Reverse logistics network design and planning utilizing conditional value at risk, European Journal of Operational Research, 237 (2014), 487-497.  doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2014.02.030.

[43]

A. Sorokin, V. Boginski, A. Nahapetyan and P. M. Pardalos, Computational risk management techniques for fixed charge network flow problems with uncertain arc failures, Journal of Combinatorial Optimization, 25 (2013), 99-122.  doi: 10.1007/s10878-011-9422-2.

[44]

K. Subulan, A. Baykasoğlu, F. B. Özsoydan, A. S. Taşan and H. Selim, A case-oriented approach to a lead/acid battery closed-loop supply chain network design under risk and uncertainty, Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 37 (2015), 340-361. 

[45]

H. A. Taha, Operations Research: An Introduction, Vol. 790, Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2011.

[46]

M. Talaei, B. F. Moghaddam, M. S. Pishvaee, A. Bozorgi-Amiri and S. Gholamnejad, A robust fuzzy optimization model for carbon-efficient closed-loop supply chain network design problem: a numerical illustration in electronics industry, Journal of Cleaner Production, 113 (2016), 662-673. 

[47]

R. Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, S. Sadri, N. Pourmohammad-Zia and M. Mohammadi, A hybrid fuzzy approach for the closed-loop supply chain network design under uncertainty, Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 28 (2015), 2811-2826. 

[48]

S. Torabi, J. Namdar, S. Hatefi and F. Jolai, An enhanced possibilistic programming approach for reliable closed-loop supply chain network design, International Journal of Production Research, 54 (2016), 1358-1387. 

show all references

References:
[1]

S. H. Amin and F. Baki, A facility location model for global closed-loop supply chain network design, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 41 (2017), 316-330.  doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2016.08.030.

[2]

S. H. Amin, G. Zhang and P. Akhtar, Effects of uncertainty on a tire closed-loop supply chain network, Expert Systems with Applications, 73 (2017), 82-91. 

[3]

G. Behzadi, M. O. Sullivan, T. Olsen and A. Zhang, Allocation flexibility for agribusiness supply chains under market demand disruption, International Journal of Production Research, 56 (2018), 3524-3546. 

[4]

C. Benoît, G. A. Norris, S. Valdivia, A. Ciroth, A. Moberg, U. Bos, S. Prakash, C. Ugaya and T. Beck, The guidelines for social life cycle assessment of products: just in time!, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 15 (2010), 156-163. 

[5]

M. Brandenburg, Low carbon supply chain configuration for a new product–a goal programming approach, International Journal of Production Research, 53 (2015), 6588-6610. 

[6]

M. Brandenburg, A hybrid approach to configure eco-efficient supply chains under consideration of performance and risk aspects, Omega, 70 (2017), 58-76. 

[7]

S. R. Cardoso, A. P. Barbosa-Póvoa and S. Relvas, Integrating financial risk measures into the design and planning of closed-loop supply chains, Computers & Chemical Engineering, 85 (2016), 105-123. 

[8]

J. Czyzyk, M. P. Mesnier and J. J. Moré, The neos server, IEEE Computational Science and Engineering, 5 (1998), 68-75. 

[9]

E. D. Dolan, Neos server 4.0 administrative guide, arXiv preprint cs/0107034.

[10]

M. Eskandarpour, P. Dejax, J. Miemczyk and O. Péton, Sustainable supply chain network design: An optimization-oriented review, Omega, 54 (2015), 11-32. 

[11]

H. Fang and R. Xiao, Resilient closed–loop supply chain network design based on patent protection, International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology, 48 (2013), 49-57. 

[12]

M. Goedkoop, R. Heijungs, M. Huijbregts, A. De Schryver, J. Struijs, R. Van Zelm et al., A life cycle impact assessment method which comprises harmonised category indicators at the midpoint and the endpoint level, The Hague, Ministry of VROM. ReCiPe., .

[13]

A. Goli, H. K. Zare, R. Tavakkoli-Moghaddam and A. Sadeghieh, Application of robust optimization for a product portfolio problem using an invasive weed optimization algorithm, Numerical Algebra, Control & Optimization, 9 (2019), 187-209.  doi: 10.3934/naco.2019014.

[14]

W. Gropp and J. Moré, Optimization environments and the neos server. Approximation Theory and Optimization (eds. md buhmann and a. iserles), 1997.

[15]

T. W. Hill and A. Ravindran, On programming with absolute-value functions, Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 17 (1975), 181-183.  doi: 10.1007/BF00933924.

[16]

M. A. Huijbregts, S. Hellweg, R. Frischknecht, H. W. Hendriks, K. Hungerbuhler and A. J. Hendriks, Cumulative energy demand as predictor for the environmental burden of commodity production, Environmental Science & Technology, 44 (2010), 2189-2196. 

[17]

G. Jalali, R. Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, M. Ghomi-Avili and A. Jabbarzadeh, A network design model for a resilient closed-loop supply chain with lateral transshipment, International Journal of Engineering, 30 (2017), 374-383. 

[18]

D. K. Kadambala, N. Subramanian, M. K. Tiwari, M. Abdulrahman and C. Liu, Closed loop supply chain networks: Designs for energy and time value efficiency, International Journal of Production Economics, 183 (2017), 382-393. 

[19]

G. Kara, A. Özmen and G.-W. Weber, Stability advances in robust portfolio optimization under parallelepiped uncertainty, Central European Journal of Operations Research, 27 (2019), 241-261.  doi: 10.1007/s10100-017-0508-5.

[20]

S. Khalilpourazari and M. Mohammadi, Optimization of closed-loop supply chain network design: a water cycle algorithm approach, in 2016 12th International Conference on Industrial Engineering (ICIE), IEEE, (2016), 41–45.

[21]

P. R. Kleindorfer and G. H. Saad, Managing disruption risks in supply chains, Production and Operations Management, 14 (2005), 53-68. 

[22]

W. Klibi, A. Martel and A. Guitouni, The design of robust value-creating supply chain networks: a critical review, European Journal of Operational Research, 203 (2010), 283-293. 

[23]

R. Lotfi and N. M. AMIN, Multi-objective capacitated facility location with hybrid fuzzy simplex and genetic algorithm approach,

[24]

R. Lotfi, Y. Z. Mehrjerdi and N. Mardani, A multi-objective and multi-product advertising billboard location model with attraction factor mathematical modeling and solutions, International Journal of Applied Logistics (IJAL), 7 (2017), 64-86. 

[25]

R. Lotfi, Y. Z. Mehrjerdi, M. S. Pishvaee, Razmi and A. Sadeghieh, A robust optimization approach to resilience and sustainable closed-loop supply chain network design under risk averse Presented at the 15th Iran International Industrial Engineering Conference, 2019.

[26]

R. Lotfi, G.-W. Weber, S. M. Sajadifar and N. Mardani, Interdependent demand in the two-period newsvendor problem, Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 777–792. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2018143.

[27]

M. Mahmud, N. Huda, S. Farjana and C. Lang, Environmental impacts of solar-photovoltaic and solar-thermal systems with life-cycle assessment, Energies, 11 (2018), 2346.

[28]

S. Mari, Y. Lee and M. Memon, Sustainable and resilient supply chain network design under disruption risks, Sustainability, 6 (2014), 6666-6686. 

[29]

S. Mari, Y. Lee and M. Memon, Sustainable and resilient garment supply chain network design with fuzzy multi-objectives under uncertainty, Sustainability, 8 (2016), 1038.

[30]

M. J. Meixell and V. B. Gargeya, Global supply chain design: A literature review and critique, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 41 (2005), 531-550. 

[31]

M. T. Melo, S. Nickel and F. Saldanha-Da-Gama, Facility location and supply chain management–a review, European Journal of Operational Research, 196 (2009), 401-412.  doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2008.05.007.

[32]

J. M. Mulvey, R. J. Vanderbei and S. A. Zenios, Robust optimization of large-scale systems, Operations Research, 43 (1995), 264-281.  doi: 10.1287/opre.43.2.264.

[33]

J. Q. F. Neto, G. Walther, J. Bloemhof, J. Van Nunen and T. Spengler, A methodology for assessing eco-efficiency in logistics networks, European Journal of Operational Research, 193 (2009), 670-682. 

[34]

A. R. Nour and A. M. Kamali, A weighted metric method to optimize multi-response robust problems,

[35]

N. Noyan, Risk-averse two-stage stochastic programming with an application to disaster management, Computers & Operations Research, 39 (2012), 541-559.  doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2011.03.017.

[36]

M. S. Pishvaee, J. Razmi and S. A. Torabi, An accelerated benders decomposition algorithm for sustainable supply chain network design under uncertainty: A case study of medical needle and syringe supply chain, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 67 (2014), 14-38.  doi: 10.1016/j.fss.2012.04.010.

[37]

S. Prakash, S. Kumar, G. Soni, V. Jain and A. P. S. Rathore, Closed-loop supply chain network design and modelling under risks and demand uncertainty: an integrated robust optimization approach, Annals of Operations Research, 1–28.

[38]

S. Prakash, G. Soni and A. P. S. Rathore, Embedding risk in closed-loop supply chain network design: Case of a hospital furniture manufacturer, Journal of Modelling in Management, 12 (2017), 551-574. 

[39]

J. Quariguasi Frota Neto, G. Walther, J. Bloemhof, J. Van Nunen and T. Spengler, From closed-loop to sustainable supply chains: the weee case, International Journal of Production Research, 48 (2010), 4463-4481. 

[40]

N. Sahebjamnia, A. M. Fathollahi-Fard and M. Hajiaghaei-Keshteli, Sustainable tire closed-loop supply chain network design: Hybrid metaheuristic algorithms for large-scale networks, Journal of cleaner production, 196 (2018), 273-296. 

[41]

Y. Shi, L. C. Alwan, C. Tang and X. Yue, A newsvendor model with autocorrelated demand under a time-consistent dynamic cvar measure, IISE Transactions, 51 (2019), 653-671. 

[42]

H. Soleimani and K. Govindan, Reverse logistics network design and planning utilizing conditional value at risk, European Journal of Operational Research, 237 (2014), 487-497.  doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2014.02.030.

[43]

A. Sorokin, V. Boginski, A. Nahapetyan and P. M. Pardalos, Computational risk management techniques for fixed charge network flow problems with uncertain arc failures, Journal of Combinatorial Optimization, 25 (2013), 99-122.  doi: 10.1007/s10878-011-9422-2.

[44]

K. Subulan, A. Baykasoğlu, F. B. Özsoydan, A. S. Taşan and H. Selim, A case-oriented approach to a lead/acid battery closed-loop supply chain network design under risk and uncertainty, Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 37 (2015), 340-361. 

[45]

H. A. Taha, Operations Research: An Introduction, Vol. 790, Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2011.

[46]

M. Talaei, B. F. Moghaddam, M. S. Pishvaee, A. Bozorgi-Amiri and S. Gholamnejad, A robust fuzzy optimization model for carbon-efficient closed-loop supply chain network design problem: a numerical illustration in electronics industry, Journal of Cleaner Production, 113 (2016), 662-673. 

[47]

R. Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, S. Sadri, N. Pourmohammad-Zia and M. Mohammadi, A hybrid fuzzy approach for the closed-loop supply chain network design under uncertainty, Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 28 (2015), 2811-2826. 

[48]

S. Torabi, J. Namdar, S. Hatefi and F. Jolai, An enhanced possibilistic programming approach for reliable closed-loop supply chain network design, International Journal of Production Research, 54 (2016), 1358-1387. 

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Table 1.  Survey on CLSC
Reference Kind of CLSC Resilience Disruption Uncertainty Risk Objectives Industry Method
Talaei et al.[46] Reliable Both partial, complete disruption Probabilistic mixed programming P-robust Economic Numerical example Epsilon-constraint
Ghomi Avili et al. [17] Reliable and resilient Extra inventory Lateral transshipment Reliable and unreliable suppliers Complete disruption Two-stage probabilistic mixed programming Supply risk Economic Numerical example *CS
Tavakkoli Moghaddam et al. [47] Possibilistic fuzzy approach Economic Numerical example CS
Mari et al. [28] Sustainable and resilient Probabilistic disruption Probabilistic Economic and emissions of Carbon footprints Disruption costs Textile industry CS
Amin and Baki [1] Fuzzy programming Economic Electronics industry CS
Amin et al. [2] Scenario Scenario tree Economic Tire marketing CS
Soleimani and Govindan [42] Two-stage scenario CVaR Economic Numerical example CS
Cardoso et al. [7] Stochastic Variance, *VI, *DR, and CVaR Economic (ENPV) Numerical example *AEC
Subulan et al. [44] Stochastic-fuzzy and possibilistic VaR, CVaR, and downside risk Economic and the average of the collected volume of the used products Lead-acid battery CS
Prakash et al. [38] Robust and reliable Scenario Stochastic Worst risk case Economic Electronics trade industry CS
Prakash et al. [37] Waiting times Economic Hospital beds CS
Sahebjamnia et al. [40] Sustainable and resilient Economic, environmental, and social Tire industry *MH
Behzadi et al. [3] Resilient Diversified demand market, backup demand market, and flexible rerouting Scenario Robust optimization Two-stage stochastic Economic Kiwifruit CS
Brandenburg [5] Scenario Stochastic Economic and environmental FMCG manufacturer *WGP
Brandenburg [6] Green Simulation VaR Economic and environmental Numerical example CS
The present study Robust, sustainable resilient, and reliable Capacity Partial disruption Stochastic CVaR Economic, Environmental, social and energy Car manufacturing industry CS NEOS
*CS: Commercial Solver, AEC: Augmented epsilon constraint, MH: RDA and SA algorithm, GA and WWO algorithm, WGP: Weighted goal programming, VI: Variability index, DR: Downside risk, NA: Not Applicable.
Table Options

Download as excel

Reference Kind of CLSC Resilience Disruption Uncertainty Risk Objectives Industry Method
Talaei et al.[46] Reliable Both partial, complete disruption Probabilistic mixed programming P-robust Economic Numerical example Epsilon-constraint
Ghomi Avili et al. [17] Reliable and resilient Extra inventory Lateral transshipment Reliable and unreliable suppliers Complete disruption Two-stage probabilistic mixed programming Supply risk Economic Numerical example *CS
Tavakkoli Moghaddam et al. [47] Possibilistic fuzzy approach Economic Numerical example CS
Mari et al. [28] Sustainable and resilient Probabilistic disruption Probabilistic Economic and emissions of Carbon footprints Disruption costs Textile industry CS
Amin and Baki [1] Fuzzy programming Economic Electronics industry CS
Amin et al. [2] Scenario Scenario tree Economic Tire marketing CS
Soleimani and Govindan [42] Two-stage scenario CVaR Economic Numerical example CS
Cardoso et al. [7] Stochastic Variance, *VI, *DR, and CVaR Economic (ENPV) Numerical example *AEC
Subulan et al. [44] Stochastic-fuzzy and possibilistic VaR, CVaR, and downside risk Economic and the average of the collected volume of the used products Lead-acid battery CS
Prakash et al. [38] Robust and reliable Scenario Stochastic Worst risk case Economic Electronics trade industry CS
Prakash et al. [37] Waiting times Economic Hospital beds CS
Sahebjamnia et al. [40] Sustainable and resilient Economic, environmental, and social Tire industry *MH
Behzadi et al. [3] Resilient Diversified demand market, backup demand market, and flexible rerouting Scenario Robust optimization Two-stage stochastic Economic Kiwifruit CS
Brandenburg [5] Scenario Stochastic Economic and environmental FMCG manufacturer *WGP
Brandenburg [6] Green Simulation VaR Economic and environmental Numerical example CS
The present study Robust, sustainable resilient, and reliable Capacity Partial disruption Stochastic CVaR Economic, Environmental, social and energy Car manufacturing industry CS NEOS
*CS: Commercial Solver, AEC: Augmented epsilon constraint, MH: RDA and SA algorithm, GA and WWO algorithm, WGP: Weighted goal programming, VI: Variability index, DR: Downside risk, NA: Not Applicable.
Table 2.  Optimal value of the robust objective function and the value of the global criterion objective function
Objective The optimal value of proposed objective function The optimal value of base model objective function *Avg. Gap
Cost Pollutant (CO2) Energy Employ Cost Pollutant (CO2) Energy Employ.
Min Z1(Cost) 71470.14 1989597.20 2274555.62 1749 71357.80 1901777.18 2181635.25 1788 1.7%
Min Z2(CO2) 174731.64 1250941.04 1953758.20 4399 171286.39 1217249.59 1882470.29 4499 1.6%
Min Z3(Energy) 78459.12 1317174.17 1591575.21 2100 76899.32 1258753.29 1556561.01 2150 1.6%
Max Z4(Employ) 176760.32 1734074.55 2358201.83 4505 173265.9 1650207.07 2263490.75 4520 2.7%
Min Lp 76688.59 1285769.68 1594682.21 2141 76589.90 1251038.15 1559701.11 2151 1.2%
GAP 0.1% 2.8% 2.2% -0.45% – – – – 1.2%
* Avg. GAP = Average ((Proposed model objective- base model objective)/ base model objective)
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Objective The optimal value of proposed objective function The optimal value of base model objective function *Avg. Gap
Cost Pollutant (CO2) Energy Employ Cost Pollutant (CO2) Energy Employ.
Min Z1(Cost) 71470.14 1989597.20 2274555.62 1749 71357.80 1901777.18 2181635.25 1788 1.7%
Min Z2(CO2) 174731.64 1250941.04 1953758.20 4399 171286.39 1217249.59 1882470.29 4499 1.6%
Min Z3(Energy) 78459.12 1317174.17 1591575.21 2100 76899.32 1258753.29 1556561.01 2150 1.6%
Max Z4(Employ) 176760.32 1734074.55 2358201.83 4505 173265.9 1650207.07 2263490.75 4520 2.7%
Min Lp 76688.59 1285769.68 1594682.21 2141 76589.90 1251038.15 1559701.11 2151 1.2%
GAP 0.1% 2.8% 2.2% -0.45% – – – – 1.2%
* Avg. GAP = Average ((Proposed model objective- base model objective)/ base model objective)
Table 3.  Weight variations versus objectives
$ X_1 $ $ X_2 $ $ X_3 $ $ X_4 $ Cost Pollutant $ (\text{CO}_2) $ Energy Employment
0 0.33 0.33 0.33 78143.63 1285793 1594659 2141.56
0.5 0.16 0.16 0.16 76688.59 1285770 1594682 2141.56
1 0 0 0 71470.15 1989597 2274556 1749.06
0.33 0 0.33 0.33 76689.36 1316802 1591633 2141.56
0.16 0.5 0.16 0.16 79603.18 1274957 1612078 2214.48
0 1 0 0 174731.6 1250941 1953758 4399.22
0.33 0.33 0 0.33 81873.39 1270004 1672336 2340.66
0.16 0.16 0.5 0.16 76688.97 1289052 1592359 2141.56
0 0 1 0 78459.12 1317174 1591575 2100.21
0.33 0.33 0.33 0 76688.59 1285770 1594682 2100.75
0.16 0.16 0.16 0.5 76688.59 1285770 1594682 2141.56
0 0 0 1 176760.3 1734075 2358202 4505.85
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 76688.59 1285769.68 1594682.21 2141.55
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$ X_1 $ $ X_2 $ $ X_3 $ $ X_4 $ Cost Pollutant $ (\text{CO}_2) $ Energy Employment
0 0.33 0.33 0.33 78143.63 1285793 1594659 2141.56
0.5 0.16 0.16 0.16 76688.59 1285770 1594682 2141.56
1 0 0 0 71470.15 1989597 2274556 1749.06
0.33 0 0.33 0.33 76689.36 1316802 1591633 2141.56
0.16 0.5 0.16 0.16 79603.18 1274957 1612078 2214.48
0 1 0 0 174731.6 1250941 1953758 4399.22
0.33 0.33 0 0.33 81873.39 1270004 1672336 2340.66
0.16 0.16 0.5 0.16 76688.97 1289052 1592359 2141.56
0 0 1 0 78459.12 1317174 1591575 2100.21
0.33 0.33 0.33 0 76688.59 1285770 1594682 2100.75
0.16 0.16 0.16 0.5 76688.59 1285770 1594682 2141.56
0 0 0 1 176760.3 1734075 2358202 4505.85
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 76688.59 1285769.68 1594682.21 2141.55
Table 4.  Medium and large scale problems
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Table 5.  Comparison of the main model with the lower bound and worst possible case
Problem Lower bound Main model Worst-case GAP1 GAP2
LP-Relax $ 0\le X\le 1 $ (A) Time GAMS Main model $ X\in\{0,1\} $(B) Time Relaxation $ X=1 $(C) Time GAMS
P1 10862.19 2.00 76688.59 8.40 173172.68 2.41 -86% 126%
P2 15720.97 3.83 90009.11 93.68 239036.43 3.41 -83% 166%
P3 21307.43 11.33 111813.32 1082.85 301446.39 8.33 -81% 170%
P4 44956.51 843.11 *127011.40 *3705.6 457454.73 521.33 -65% 260%
P5 74585.42 2967.01 *165745.37 *28810 668562.73 1530.36 -55% 303%
P6-P8 No solution was found
* Solved by NEOS-Server, GAP1= (B-A)/A, GAP2=(C-B)/B.
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Problem Lower bound Main model Worst-case GAP1 GAP2
LP-Relax $ 0\le X\le 1 $ (A) Time GAMS Main model $ X\in\{0,1\} $(B) Time Relaxation $ X=1 $(C) Time GAMS
P1 10862.19 2.00 76688.59 8.40 173172.68 2.41 -86% 126%
P2 15720.97 3.83 90009.11 93.68 239036.43 3.41 -83% 166%
P3 21307.43 11.33 111813.32 1082.85 301446.39 8.33 -81% 170%
P4 44956.51 843.11 *127011.40 *3705.6 457454.73 521.33 -65% 260%
P5 74585.42 2967.01 *165745.37 *28810 668562.73 1530.36 -55% 303%
P6-P8 No solution was found
* Solved by NEOS-Server, GAP1= (B-A)/A, GAP2=(C-B)/B.
Table A2-1.  Model parameters for medium and large scale problems
Parameters Value Description
$ de{{m}_{rpt{s}'}} $ ($ \left| {{s}'} \right| $-1)*1000 + uniform(1000, 2000) Demand for various scenarios
$ f{{s}_{s}} $ uniform (1000, 2000)
$ f{{m}_{m}} $ uniform(40000, 50000)
$ f{{d}_{d}} $ uniform(3000, 4000
$ f{{r}_{r}} $ uniform(1000, 2000) Fixed costs (opening) (Thousand dollar)
$ f{{m}_{m}} $ uniform(2000, 3000)
$ f{{k}_{k}} $ uniform(2000, 3000)
$ f{{e}_{e}} $ uniform(1000, 2000)
$ Vsm_{smpts'} $ uniform(3, 4)
$ Vsm_{mdpts'} $ uniform(3, 4)
$ Vdr_{drpts'} $ uniform(3, 4)
$ Vrc_{rcpts'} $ uniform(3, 4) Variable costs (Dollar)
$ Vck_{ckpts'} $ uniform(3, 4)
$ Vke_{kepts'} $ uniform(3, 4)
$ Vksc_{kscpts'} $ uniform(3, 4)
$ Vkm_{kmpts'} $ uniform(3, 4)
$ Ems_{sts'} $ uniform(100,200)
$ Emm_{mts'} $ uniform(1000, 2000)
$ Emd_{dts'} $ uniform(100,200)
$ Emr_{rts'} $ uniform(100,200) Fixed pollution (opening) (carbon dioxide) (Centiton)
$ Emc_{cts'} $ uniform(100,200)
$ Emk_{kts'} $ uniform(100,200)
$ Eme_{ets'} $ uniform(100,200)
$ Emsm_{smpts'} $ uniform(4, 5) Variable pollution (carbon dioxide) (Centiton)
$ Emmd_{mdpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Emdr_{drpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Emrc_{rcpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Emck_{ckpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Emke_{kepts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Emksc_{kscpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Emkm_{kmpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Es_{sts'} $ uniform(4000, 5000)
$ Em_{mts'} $ uniform(40000, 50000)
$ Ed_{dts'} $ uniform(4000, 5000)
$ Er_{rts'} $ uniform(4000, 5000) Fixed consumed energy (opening) (MJ)
$ Ec_{mts'} $ uniform(4000, 5000)
$ Ek_{kts'} $ uniform(4000, 5000)
$ Ee_{ets'} $ uniform(4000, 5000)
$ Esm_{smpts'} $ uniform(4, 5) Variable pollution (MJ)
$ Eemd_{mdpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Edr_{drpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Erc_{rcpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Eck_{ckpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Eke_{kepts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Eksc_{kscpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Ekm_{kmpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Os_{sts'} $ uniform(40, 50)
$ Om_{mts'} $ uniform(300,400)
$ Od_{dts'} $ uniform(40, 50)
$ Or_{rts'} $ uniform(5, 10) Fixed employment (person)
$ Om_{mts'} $ uniform(20, 30)
$ Ok_{kts'} $ uniform(10, 15)
$ Oe_{ets'} $ uniform(5, 10)
$ VOs_{st'} $ uniform(1000, 1100)
$ VOm_{mt'} $ uniform(1000, 1100)
$ VOd_{dt'} $ uniform(1000, 1100)
$ VOr_{rt'} $ uniform(1000, 1100) Salary Cost (Dollars)
$ VOc_{ct'} $ uniform(1000, 1100)
$ VOk_{kt'} $ uniform(1000, 1100)
$ VOe_{et'} $ uniform(1000, 1100)
$ prs_{s'} $ uniform(0.95, 0.98);
$ prm_{m'} $ uniform(0.95, 0.98);
$ prd_{d'} $ uniform(0.95, 0.98);
$ prr_{r'} $ uniform(0.95, 0.98); Availability probability (percent)
$ prm_{m'} $ uniform(0.95, 0.98);
$ prk_{k'} $ uniform(0.95, 0.98);
$ pre_{e'} $ uniform(0.95, 0.98);
$ CapS_{spts'} $ uniform(50000, 60000)*(($ s' $-1)*0.5+1)
$ CapM_{mpts'} $ uniform(100000, 110000)*(($ s' $-1)*0.5+1)
$ CapD_{dpts'} $ uniform(20000, 22000)*(($ s' $-1)*0.5+1)
$ CapR_{rpts'} $ uniform(3000, 3300)*(($ s' $-1)*0.5+1) Capacity (facility)
$ CapC_{cpts'} $ uniform(20000, 22000)*(($ s' $-1)*0.5+1)
$ CapK_{kpts'} $ uniform(5000, 5500)*(($ s' $-1)*0.5+1)
$ CapE_{epts'} $ uniform(3000, 3300)*(($ s' $-1)*0.5+1)
$ p^{s'} $ 0.33 Scenario occurrence probability
$ \beta $ uniform(0, 0.2) Expectation value weight
$ \omega $ uniform(0, 0.1) Fine associated with demand dissatisfaction
$ \lambda $ uniform(0, 0.1) CVaR index importance
$ \alpha $ uniform(0, 0.05) 95% Confidence level in CVaR
$ k_{s'1} $ 0.05 Fine coefficient of demand dissatisfaction for quadruple objective
$ k_{s'2} $ 0.05
$ k_{s'3} $ 0.05
$ k_{s'4} $ 0.05
$ \rho_{rpts'} $ uniform(0, 1) Return percentage
$ \rho_{1pts'} $ uniform(0.7, 0.71)
$ \rho_{2pts'} $ uniform(0.2, 0.21)
$ \rho_{3pts'} $ uniform(0.1, 0.11)
$ W_i $ 0.25 Objective weight
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Parameters Value Description
$ de{{m}_{rpt{s}'}} $ ($ \left| {{s}'} \right| $-1)*1000 + uniform(1000, 2000) Demand for various scenarios
$ f{{s}_{s}} $ uniform (1000, 2000)
$ f{{m}_{m}} $ uniform(40000, 50000)
$ f{{d}_{d}} $ uniform(3000, 4000
$ f{{r}_{r}} $ uniform(1000, 2000) Fixed costs (opening) (Thousand dollar)
$ f{{m}_{m}} $ uniform(2000, 3000)
$ f{{k}_{k}} $ uniform(2000, 3000)
$ f{{e}_{e}} $ uniform(1000, 2000)
$ Vsm_{smpts'} $ uniform(3, 4)
$ Vsm_{mdpts'} $ uniform(3, 4)
$ Vdr_{drpts'} $ uniform(3, 4)
$ Vrc_{rcpts'} $ uniform(3, 4) Variable costs (Dollar)
$ Vck_{ckpts'} $ uniform(3, 4)
$ Vke_{kepts'} $ uniform(3, 4)
$ Vksc_{kscpts'} $ uniform(3, 4)
$ Vkm_{kmpts'} $ uniform(3, 4)
$ Ems_{sts'} $ uniform(100,200)
$ Emm_{mts'} $ uniform(1000, 2000)
$ Emd_{dts'} $ uniform(100,200)
$ Emr_{rts'} $ uniform(100,200) Fixed pollution (opening) (carbon dioxide) (Centiton)
$ Emc_{cts'} $ uniform(100,200)
$ Emk_{kts'} $ uniform(100,200)
$ Eme_{ets'} $ uniform(100,200)
$ Emsm_{smpts'} $ uniform(4, 5) Variable pollution (carbon dioxide) (Centiton)
$ Emmd_{mdpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Emdr_{drpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Emrc_{rcpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Emck_{ckpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Emke_{kepts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Emksc_{kscpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Emkm_{kmpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Es_{sts'} $ uniform(4000, 5000)
$ Em_{mts'} $ uniform(40000, 50000)
$ Ed_{dts'} $ uniform(4000, 5000)
$ Er_{rts'} $ uniform(4000, 5000) Fixed consumed energy (opening) (MJ)
$ Ec_{mts'} $ uniform(4000, 5000)
$ Ek_{kts'} $ uniform(4000, 5000)
$ Ee_{ets'} $ uniform(4000, 5000)
$ Esm_{smpts'} $ uniform(4, 5) Variable pollution (MJ)
$ Eemd_{mdpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Edr_{drpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Erc_{rcpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Eck_{ckpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Eke_{kepts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Eksc_{kscpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Ekm_{kmpts'} $ uniform(4, 5)
$ Os_{sts'} $ uniform(40, 50)
$ Om_{mts'} $ uniform(300,400)
$ Od_{dts'} $ uniform(40, 50)
$ Or_{rts'} $ uniform(5, 10) Fixed employment (person)
$ Om_{mts'} $ uniform(20, 30)
$ Ok_{kts'} $ uniform(10, 15)
$ Oe_{ets'} $ uniform(5, 10)
$ VOs_{st'} $ uniform(1000, 1100)
$ VOm_{mt'} $ uniform(1000, 1100)
$ VOd_{dt'} $ uniform(1000, 1100)
$ VOr_{rt'} $ uniform(1000, 1100) Salary Cost (Dollars)
$ VOc_{ct'} $ uniform(1000, 1100)
$ VOk_{kt'} $ uniform(1000, 1100)
$ VOe_{et'} $ uniform(1000, 1100)
$ prs_{s'} $ uniform(0.95, 0.98);
$ prm_{m'} $ uniform(0.95, 0.98);
$ prd_{d'} $ uniform(0.95, 0.98);
$ prr_{r'} $ uniform(0.95, 0.98); Availability probability (percent)
$ prm_{m'} $ uniform(0.95, 0.98);
$ prk_{k'} $ uniform(0.95, 0.98);
$ pre_{e'} $ uniform(0.95, 0.98);
$ CapS_{spts'} $ uniform(50000, 60000)*(($ s' $-1)*0.5+1)
$ CapM_{mpts'} $ uniform(100000, 110000)*(($ s' $-1)*0.5+1)
$ CapD_{dpts'} $ uniform(20000, 22000)*(($ s' $-1)*0.5+1)
$ CapR_{rpts'} $ uniform(3000, 3300)*(($ s' $-1)*0.5+1) Capacity (facility)
$ CapC_{cpts'} $ uniform(20000, 22000)*(($ s' $-1)*0.5+1)
$ CapK_{kpts'} $ uniform(5000, 5500)*(($ s' $-1)*0.5+1)
$ CapE_{epts'} $ uniform(3000, 3300)*(($ s' $-1)*0.5+1)
$ p^{s'} $ 0.33 Scenario occurrence probability
$ \beta $ uniform(0, 0.2) Expectation value weight
$ \omega $ uniform(0, 0.1) Fine associated with demand dissatisfaction
$ \lambda $ uniform(0, 0.1) CVaR index importance
$ \alpha $ uniform(0, 0.05) 95% Confidence level in CVaR
$ k_{s'1} $ 0.05 Fine coefficient of demand dissatisfaction for quadruple objective
$ k_{s'2} $ 0.05
$ k_{s'3} $ 0.05
$ k_{s'4} $ 0.05
$ \rho_{rpts'} $ uniform(0, 1) Return percentage
$ \rho_{1pts'} $ uniform(0.7, 0.71)
$ \rho_{2pts'} $ uniform(0.2, 0.21)
$ \rho_{3pts'} $ uniform(0.1, 0.11)
$ W_i $ 0.25 Objective weight
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