# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

ISSN:
2158-2491

eISSN:
2158-2505

All Issues

## Journal of Computational Dynamics

July 2022 , Volume 9 , Issue 3

Special issue on continuation methods and applications

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2022, 9(3): i-ii doi: 10.3934/jcd.2022015 +[Abstract](278) +[HTML](58) +[PDF](76.69KB)
Abstract:
2022, 9(3): 329-369 doi: 10.3934/jcd.2022006 +[Abstract](385) +[HTML](93) +[PDF](863.3KB)
Abstract:

This paper presents a rigorous framework for the continuation of solutions to nonlinear constraints and the simultaneous analysis of the sensitivities of test functions to constraint violations at each solution point using an adjoint-based approach. By the linearity of a problem Lagrangian in the associated Lagrange multipliers, the formalism is shown to be directly amenable to analysis using the COCO software package, specifically its paradigm for staged problem construction. The general theory is illustrated in the context of algebraic equations and boundary-value problems, with emphasis on periodic orbits in smooth and hybrid dynamical systems, and quasiperiodic invariant tori of flows. In the latter case, normal hyperbolicity is used to prove the existence of continuous solutions to the adjoint conditions associated with the sensitivities of the orbital periods to parameter perturbations and constraint violations, even though the linearization of the governing boundary-value problem lacks a bounded inverse, as required by the general theory. An assumption of transversal stability then implies that these solutions predict the asymptotic phases of trajectories based at initial conditions perturbed away from the torus. Example COCO code is used to illustrate the minimal additional investment in setup costs required to append sensitivity analysis to regular parameter continuation. 200 words.

2022, 9(3): 371-392 doi: 10.3934/jcd.2022007 +[Abstract](346) +[HTML](114) +[PDF](1605.11KB)
Abstract:

Continuation methods are a well established tool for following equilibria and periodic orbits in dynamical systems as a parameter is varied. Properly formulated, they locate and classify bifurcations of these key components of phase portraits. Principal foliations of surfaces embedded in \begin{document}$\mathbb{R}^3$\end{document} resemble phase portraits of two dimensional vector fields, but they are not orientable. In the spirit of dynamical systems theory, Gutierrez and Sotomayor investigated qualitative geometric features that characterize structurally stable principal foliations and their bifurcations in one parameter families. This paper computes return maps and applies continuation methods to obtain new insight into bifurcations of principal foliations.

Umbilics are the singularities of principal foliations and lines of curvature connecting umbilics are analogous to homoclinic and heteroclinic bifurcations of vector fields. Here, a continuation method tracks a periodic line of curvature in a family of surfaces that deforms an ellipsoid. One of the bifurcations of these periodic lines of curvature are connections between lemon umbilics. Differences between these bifurcations and analogous saddle connections in two dimensional vector fields are emphasized. A second case study tracks umbilics in a one parameter family of surfaces with continuation methods and locates their bifurcations using Taylor expansions in "Monge coordinates." Return maps that are generalized interval exchange maps of a circle are constructed for generic surfaces with no monstar umbilics.

2022, 9(3): 393-419 doi: 10.3934/jcd.2022008 +[Abstract](380) +[HTML](121) +[PDF](2038.81KB)
Abstract:

A heterodimensional cycle consists of two saddle periodic orbits with unstable manifolds of different dimensions and a pair of connecting orbits between them. Recent theoretical work on chaotic dynamics beyond the uniformly hyperbolic setting has shown that heterodimensional cycles may occur robustly in diffeomorphisms of dimension at least three. We consider the first explicit example of a heterodimensional cycle in the continuous-time setting, which has been identified by Zhang, Krauskopf and Kirk [Discr. Contin. Dynam. Syst. A 32(8) 2825-2851 (2012)] in a four-dimensional vector-field model of intracellular calcium dynamics.

We show here how a boundary-value problem set-up can be employed to determine the organization of the dynamics in a neighborhood in phase space of this heterodimensional cycle, which consists of a single connecting orbit of codimension one and an entire cylinder of structurally stable connecting orbits between two saddle periodic orbits. More specifically, we compute the relevant stable and unstable manifolds, which we visualize in different projections of phase space and as intersection sets with a suitable three-dimensional Poincaré section. In this way, we show that, locally near the intersection set of the heterodimensional cycle, the manifolds interact as described by the theory for three-dimensional diffeomorphisms. On the other hand, their global structure is more intricate, which is due to the fact that it is not possible to find a Poincaré section that is transverse to the flow everywhere. More generally, our results show that advanced numerical continuation techniques enable one to investigate how abstract concepts â€" such as that of a heterodimensional cycle of a diffeomorphism â€" arise and manifest themselves in explicit continuous-time systems from applications.

2022, 9(3): 421-450 doi: 10.3934/jcd.2022009 +[Abstract](385) +[HTML](85) +[PDF](12640.84KB)
Abstract:

Numerical bifurcation analysis, and in particular two-parameter continuation, is used in consort with numerical simulation to reveal complicated dynamics in the Mackey-Glass equation for moderate values of the delay close to the onset of chaos. In particular a cusp bifurcation of periodic orbits and resulting branches of folds of periodic orbits effectively partition the parameter space into regions where different behaviours are seen. The cusp bifurcation leads directly to bistability between periodic orbits, and subsequently to bistability between a periodic orbit and a chaotic attractor. This leads to two different mechanisms by which the chaotic attractor is destroyed in a global bifurcation with a periodic orbit in either an interior crisis or a boundary crisis. In another part of parameter space a sequence of subcritical period-doublings is found to give rise to bistability between a periodic orbit and a chaotic attractor. Torus bifurcations, and a codimension-two fold-flip bifurcation are also identified, and Lyapunov exponent computations are used to determine chaotic regions and attractor dimension.

2022, 9(3): 451-464 doi: 10.3934/jcd.2022010 +[Abstract](385) +[HTML](133) +[PDF](1413.28KB)
Abstract:

The reciprocity theorem in elastic materials states that the response of a linear, time-invariant system to an external load remains invariant with respect to interchanging the locations of the input and output. In the presence of nonlinear forces within a material, circumventing the reciprocity invariance requires breaking the mirror symmetry of the medium, thus allowing different wave propagation characteristics in opposite directions along the same transmission path. This work highlights the application of numerical continuation methods for exploring the steady-state nonreciprocal dynamics of nonlinear periodic materials in response to external harmonic drive. Using the archetypal example of coupled oscillators, we apply continuation methods to analyze the influence of nonlinearity and symmetry on the reciprocity invariance. We present symmetry-breaking bifurcations for systems with and without mirror symmetry, and discuss their influence on the nonreciprocal dynamics. Direct computation of the reciprocity bias allows the identification of response regimes in which nonreciprocity manifests itself as a phase shift in the output displacements. Various operating regimes, bifurcations and manifestations of nonreciprocity are identified and discussed throughout the work.

2022, 9(3): 465-482 doi: 10.3934/jcd.2022011 +[Abstract](374) +[HTML](98) +[PDF](1267.81KB)
Abstract:

Musical instruments display a wealth of dynamics, from equilibria (where no sound is produced) to a wide diversity of periodic and non-periodic sound regimes. We focus here on two types of flute-like instruments, namely a recorder and a pre-hispanic Chilean flute. A recent experimental study showed that they both produce quasiperiodic sound regimes which are avoided or played on purpose depending on the instrument. We investigate the generic model of sound production in flute-like musical instruments, a system of neutral delay-differential equations. Using time-domain simulations, we show that it produces stable quasiperiodic oscillations in good agreement with experimental observations. A numerical bifurcation analysis is performed, where both the delay time (related to a control parameter) and the detuning between the resonance frequencies of the instrument – a key parameter for instrument makers – are considered as bifurcation parameters. This demonstrates that the large detuning that is characteristic of prehispanic Chilean flutes plays a crucial role in the emergence of stable quasiperiodic oscillations.

2022, 9(3): 483-503 doi: 10.3934/jcd.2022012 +[Abstract](436) +[HTML](159) +[PDF](1783.99KB)
Abstract:

We present a case study of an active micro-electromechanical system (MEMS). The MEMS cantilever has integrated actuation and sensor mechanisms, which enable the active operation of the system. Our analysis is comprised of numerical continuation of equilibria and periodic orbits, which are briefly compared and discussed with initial experimental observations. In this case study, we consider the dynamic behaviour of two MEMS configurations, one excluding, and the other including a high-pass filter. With that we wish to study any differences between a dynamical system as typically analysed in the literature and the same system when investigated experimentally. We show that the MEMS' dynamic behaviour is significantly influenced by the experimental setup with different dominating dynamics associated with power electronics and filter properties. The dynamics of the MEMS cantilever is characterised by three key effects: the system is an actively operated system; it is a micro-scale system with amplitudes at nano-scale dimensions; and the integrated actuation physics introduces interesting complex dynamics. The MEMS cantilever with its integrated actuation and sensing abilities was developed for a commercial technology, thus, making our findings directly implementable and meaningful.

2021 CiteScore: 1.7